A Study On The Transplanting Models Of Chinese University

Transplanting model is a common phenomenon in the history of world universities. The formation of a national university model often draw international university model. Many modern university in countries whose higher education system is produced in the process of transplanting model. Chinese university are no exception. With the continuous progress of reform and opening up, the continuous strengthening of the internationalization and globalization, the continuous development of the knowledge economy, the gradually increased international cultural collisions, higher education in China is facing increasingly more new situation, new opportunities and new challenges. For the development of Chinese university, transplanting model will become more common and also more important. Moreover, in the course of transplanting model, Chinese university are inevitably generated a lot of problems. Today, a number of Chinese universities has entered the century old school threshold in the dawn of the21st century. But Chinese university has many defects and chronic disease since they are built and later formed, which are diagnosed, which were healed, remains a question mark. Getting wisdom from the history, we can solve today’s problem through it. The great use of history is to make us more clearly understand the past, so we face the present and move into the future more clearly. the research about the course of transplanting model of Chinese university has great significance to diagnose and solve the problems of higher education, promote the healthy development of Chinese university. In this study, combing the course of transplanting models of Chinese university of hundred years from a historical perspective, getting the changes and rules about the transplanting model of Chinese university, Summarizing the experiences and lessons of its development, and providing evidence to support the formation of model of Chinese university and proposing policies and proposals, so that it can be beneficial to the reform and development of higher education in China. Specifically, this research mainly consists of the following four chapters:In the first chapter, before the founding of the nation, Chinese university takes a major learn from Japanese university model, German university model and American university model in the course of modernization. At this stage, Chinese university carried the hope of the state, society and the nation-"education Salvation", the task of saving the nation from peril. When the western gunboats gradually placed China in the "cusp", the Qing government outrightly discarded academy and blindly imitated the West to build school. Since then, China is basically a blind copy for every national university models, so that the various models of transplanting are in frequent conversion, although have appeared "model", but in the end still "fruitless".This left us with profound experiences and lessons. The Transplanting model of Chinese modern university is the beginning of "Opening eyes to Word", brings new breath to higher education in China, opens the door of the modernization of Chinese higher education system. But more worthy of our attention are profound lessons which the course of transplanting model of Chinese university left us:the essence of the university of Western philosophy-the concept of university autonomy and academic freedom is the "dropped Pearl" in the transplanting model; The Academy Spirit-University humanistic spirit and critical spirit of the university became the "subsidiary victim" in the transplanting model. These are also an urgent need to learn elements for Chinese university development.In the second chapter, Between the founding of the nation and the reform and opening up and in the special context of the initial stage of New China, Chinese university first completely copy the Soviet Union University Model. Renmin University of China and Harbin Institute of Technology were experimental schools whose adjustment raised the curtain on the transplanting Soviet university model; and then, Chinese university entered upon a period of nationwide college-adjustment; following the Soviet model to start Higher Education system reform and teaching reform. After a series of adjustments and reforms to the departments, many universities sapped their vitality. With the split of the relation between China and Soviet Union, Chinese university got into self-enclosed and self-exploration phase. And it primarily experienced three stages of "the Great Leap Forward", the period of readjustment、consolidation and raising standard and "cultural revolution". In this process, the reform of Chinese university suffered a series of failures, severely delayed the process of reform and development.In this stage, because the closed and conservative of the course of transplanting model of Chinese university, it paid a heavy price which shows that transplanting model of Chinese university is necessary and appropriateness from opposite side, Self-isolation is not feasible. We must learn from the advanced experience of other countries, but can not completely copy, the key is to have the transplanting model appropriateness.In the third chapter, since reform and opening up, Chinese university still persist in the route of transplanting model, continue to draw useful lessons from advanced countries’ university. Between the beginning of reform and opening up and the end of the twentieth century, Chinese university primarily learned from American, and this period is divided into two stages. The first stage, under the impacts of major universities’construction wave,"reset" to American university model. The main shows are:one is to advance the status of scientific research in universities, set off a wave of the construction of key university; two is to adjust the structure of higher education, improve the teaching quality in the key universities. The second phase, in the strategy of building high-level university, Chinese university continue to persist in American route. The main shows are:one is to carry on the activity of merger of institutions, expand university enrollment, set off the construction of university town around the imitation and learning about the conception of building high-level university; two s to further enlarge the autonomy of the higher education institutions, implement and improve the principal responsibility around the imitation and learning of the system of high-level universities building. Finally, introducing the inheritance and reference about the "construction of the world first-class university", that "world first-class university" is both a continuation of our own universities’exploration activities, and also learning from the advanced experience of American universities actively, introducing the building experience in world first-class universities directly and building a world first-class university rankings. Since the21st century, the development of Chinese university has entered a new stage, under the guidance of a high level university building, the development of higher education in china has shown the pluralism and diversification trend. Firstly, the impact of American still can not be ignored: Referencing American idea of general education, implementing the quality education; the inheritance and reference of university social service functions. Secondly, discussing the building of Open University which is like a raging fire. pointing out that Open University is based on China’s radio and television university and primarily use experience of the UK Open University model, and then getting to the evolution and transcendence in four aspects of educational philosophy, educational structure, teaching model of operation and structure of the school system. Finally, Exploring that the overall Transplanting model of Chinese University which include in system, philosophy, teachers, etc are successful taking the university of Nottingham in Ningbo and New York university in Shanghai as a case.The transplanting model has changed from the "blind obedience" to having identification in accordance with national development needs to learn advanced foreign higher education content since the reform and opening up. It has been more and more "conscious" rather than in a "comfortable" state in the face of foreign influence. The obvious and profound changes have taken place:its politics is more and more weak and "people-oriented" continues to heat up; farewelling single, conservative and toward opening, pluralistic; its internal and external causes gradually harmony. However, a series of changes still remnants some "chronic illness":the essence of education is still weak, and scientific research exists alienation, social services becoming offside and it has a heavy reliance on the American university model.The fourth chapter which tries to examine the formation of the model of Chinese university according to the course and lessons of transplanting model of Chinese university.With the new situation and new tasks that higher education currently facing, examining the choose of the model of Chinese university based on the course of transplanting model of Chinese university and its lessons and providing corresponding countermeasures and suggestions:The Western Classical Ideas of University-the absorbing of the concept of university autonomy and academic freedom is the key element of the formation of the model of Chinese university;"The Academy Spirit"-Adhering to the university humanistic spirit and critical spirit of the university is the cultural roots which the fomiation of the model of Chinese university is insurmountable; beyond the" self "and innovation-the integration of internationalization and localization unified, coordinated development of man and society is the path of the formation of the model of Chinese university. This gives the clearer answer for the existential confusion and potential loss which exists in the formation of the model of Chinese university, also hopes to ignite a beacon for the future development of the higher education in China.This research methods used in this study mainly include literature, history, comparison.