Research On Urban Transition Of Resource-based Cities In Northest China Based On Evolutionary Resilience Theory

The non-renewable nature of mineral resources and forest resources determines that urban transition is an inevitable problem in resource-based cities(RBCs).There are numbers of RBCs in the Northeast China,and the proportion of resource-depleted cities is high,so urban transition is urgently needed.Since the implementation of revitalization the Northeast China strategy in 2003,the central government has provided a strong policy guarantee and financial supportting for RBCs‘ transition.The transition of RBCs having been carried out for more than 10 years,how to scientifically evaluate the performance of RBCs transition,and guide the transition using scientific theory become an urgent need to solve the problem.The of evolutionary resilience theory has the ability to explain the renewal,regeneration and reorganization of urban economic and social systems,so introducting evolutionary resilience theory into the research of RBCs transition provide a scientific basis of urban transition,and also broaden the application evolutionary resilience theory.The artical evaluated the transition performance of RBCs in Northeast China and its influencial factors,then constructed economic resilience analysis framework of RBCs,and analyzesd the economic resilience characteristics ofRBCs.Finally,we put forward the countermeasures for the urban transition of RBCs in Northeast China.This paper mainly includes five parts:1.Analysing the main basic theories of urban transition of RBCs and evolutionary resilience theory,defined the the related concepts involved in the main theory,and elaborate the implications to our article.2.We introduced a new method of evaluating the urban transition performance of resource-based cities from economic,social and eco-environmental perspectives.A total of 19 resource-based cities in Northeast China are studied from 2003 to 2012.We also analyzed the factors influencing urban transition performance using the method of the geographic detector from exploitable resources,traffic location,factor investmentn policy supporting and urban development basis.3.Based on the definition of evolutionary resilience,this paper constructed the analysis framework of economic resilience of RBCs,and analyzed the economic resilience of resource-based cities to deal with short-term crisis and long-term disturbance.This paper quantitatively analyzes the economic resilience of RBCs in terms of resistance and recoverability during two economic crises: the Asian financial crisis and the global financial crisis.Moreover,it analyzes the main factors that affected regional resilience.The the article analyzes the characteristics of economic persistance,adaptation and transformation of RBCs in response to long-term disturbance after the implementation of revitalization strategy.4.Taking the experimanetal resource cities for economic transition and first batch of resource-exhauseted cities,Liaoyuan,as an example,this paper analyzes how to establish the path lock and how to create the path in the process of economic transition in Liaoyuan and become the well transition performance resource-based city in Northeast China.In addition,we choosed Shuangyashan as a comparative analysis case,and analyze the causes of the economic resilience difference in the process of economic transition between the two cities,and provide reference for the other cities.5.Based on the characteristics of the transition performance of the RBCs in Northeast China and the economic resilience of the RBCs during urban transition process,the article puts forward the countermeasures from the aspects of improving the urban transiton performance of RBCs and increasing economic resilience coping the long-term perturbation of the short-term crisis.The main conclusions are as follows:1.A total of 19 resource-based cities in Northeast China are studied from 2003 to 2012.The results show that resource-based cities in Jilin and Liaoning provinces performed better than those in Heilongjiang province.Liaoyuan,Songyuan and Baishan were ranked as the top three resource-based cities;and Jixi,Yichun and Heihe were ranked last.Multi-resource and petroleum resource-based cities performed better than coal and forestry resource-based cities.We also found that capital input,road density and location advantage had the greatest effects on urban transition performance,followed by urban scale,remaining resources and the level of sustainable development.2.We analyzed the economic resilience of resource-based cities RBCs in Northeast China in terms of resistance and recoverability during two economic crises: the Asian financial crisis and the global financial crisis.We have three main findings.First,the RBCs in general demonstrated poor resistance during both recessions,but there were variations among the different types of RBCs.Petroleum and metal cities demonstrated the most resistance,whereas coal cities performed the worst.Second,the influential factors affecting economic resilience varied across the two economic cycles,but location advantage,R&D intensity,foreign trade dependence ratio,and supporting policies had positive effects on resilience during both economic cycles,while the proportion of employed persons in resource industries had a negative effect.Industrial diversity had a weak and ambiguous effect on resilience.Third,the secondary industry was more resilient during the Asian financial crisis,but the tertiary industry was more resilient during the global financial crisis.This shift may be attributed to both the nature of the crises and the strength of the sectors at the time of the crises.3.Nineteen RBCs in Northeast China were analyzed using the indicator system.The results showed that Liaoning and Jilin provinces had higher economic resilience than Heilongjiang Province.Panjin,Benxi,and Anshan in Liaoning Province were the top three cities,while Shuangyashan and other coal-based cities in Heilongjiang Province ranked last.Metals-and petroleum-based cities had significantly higher resilience than coal-based cities.The differences in persistence,adaptability,transformation,and resilience among resource-based cities decreased since the introduction of the Northeast Revitalization Strategy in 2003.Forestry-based cities improved the most in terms of resilience,followed by metals-based and multiple-resource cities;however,resilience dropped for coal-based cities,with petroleum-based cities falling the most.4.Analyzing the path lock and path creating in the process of economic transition in Liaoyuan City,we found that the industrial structure of Liaoyuan experienced the stage of importing,locking and unlocking.After the implementation of the revitalization strategy,the proportion of the secondary industry continued to increase,and the revitalization strategy played a greater role on the revitalization of the secondary industry.The path creating was mainly occurred in 2008,when Liaoyuan was identified as the first batch of resource-exhausted cities.The path creating in Liaoyuan was guided by policies by seizing the central financial transfer payment support policies,driving by project and investment strategy,and actively developping non-coal industry.The proportion of minging industry declined continuely,declining from more than 20% in 2003,to 3.4% in 2014.The diversification index of the industrial sector was significantly enhanced and the manufacturing industry developed towards high level.5.Analyzing the differences of urban transition between Liaoyuan and Shuangyashan and its causes,we found that the development situation of Liaoyuan was better than Shuangyashan in terms of the economic,social and ecological indicators.Before 2012,the economic growth rate of Liaoyuan City was higher than that of Shuangyashan,and after 2012,the decline of economy in Liaoyuan was relatively less than Shuangyashan.From the aspect of of three industrial structure adjustment,the secondary industry in Liaoyuan adjusted significantly,while the industrial structure in Shuangyashan adjusted slowly,the second and third industries growing slowly.From the industrial structure,we could found that the coal mining industry and Agro-food processing industry had high proportion,and industrial structure advanced slowly in Shuangyashan,and industrial restructuring lagged behind Liaoyuan.6.Using the theory of adaptive cycle,this paper analyzed the difference mechanism of economic resilience between Liaoyuan and Shuangyashan from the qualitative point of view,and divided the development stages of the two cities.We found that the development of the two cities are relatively similar,experiencing the same adaptive cycle,having undergone the reorganization,exploitation,conservation and release phase before 2003.The reason causing the difference of urban transition of two cities was the development tracks of Liaoyuan and Shuangyashan diference after the implementation of revitalization strategy.In 2008,Liaoyuan City wasidentifiend as the first batch of resource-exhausted cities;the urban transition and development accelerated,and Liaoyuan entered the exploitation phase.In 2013,the "2 + 3" industrial development strategy was established,and Liaoyuan entered the conservation phase.After 2003,Shuangyashan entering the reorganization phase,however,the alternative industries was not clear,and urban industry development returned to the last cycle process.In view of the above conclusions,the article puts forward the countermeasures from the aspects of improving the urban transiton performance of RBCs and increasing economic resilience coping the long-term perturbation of the short-term crisis.