| This research takes Han nationality and ethnic minorities living in ethnically mixed districts as object.People living in ethnically mixed districts showing different features in ethnic relationship from who living in nationality areas,and their ethnicity are more vulnerable to external factors,such as state administrative power.In the long term,China's national welfare system acts as a powerful tool for macro allocation in the practice of socialist construction.Since the inclined measures been implemented for more than half a century,the economic and social development in minority concentrated region have made a series of obvious achievements.But with the rapid progress of political and economic system reform and social transformation,the living space of the national welfare system also changed.In recent years,disputes about institutional division and different treatment of ethnic identity get more and more.There are abundant theory and empirical research about ethnic consciousness and national preferential policies,either on the moral judgment or necessary discussion.The controversy focuses on the effects of preferential policy for ethnic relationship,but this research selects ethnic identity as the key variable,and focus on the relevance between national welfare system and ethnic identity,also ethnic identity with national identity,so as to build a theoretical bridge between national welfare system and ethnic relationship.Based on this,this study takes institutionalism as theory perspective,trying to using two-way analysis for institutional effects and contexts,presenting an more clear picture of ethnic identity for people living in ethnically mixed areas,and to understand the relevance between national welfare system and ethnic relations.So,this research will do much help to understand ethnic identification,evaluate the actual effect of the national welfare system,and provide rich empirical material for theoretical research and policy advice.This research uses mixed method of quantitative research and qualitative research,and take quantitative research as the main way.In the part of quantitative analysis,the independent variable national welfare system been operated into cognition degree,access degree,and satisfaction degree;while the dependent variable been operated into three aspects:minorities' in-group ethnic identity;Han nationalities'out-group ethnic identity;minorities' and Han nationalities' national identity.In the part of qualitative research,cognitive background,people's behavior for achieve the welfare,and attitude to welfare system have been analyzed,to supplement structural factors can not be accurately operated in quantitative analysis.The data collection is divided into two parts:one is questionnaire survey,which takes Guizhou Province as the sample frame and take random samples from 24 county-level administrative units,finally 1572 questionnaire data were obtained through household survey;the other is depth interview,takes Guiyang Huaxi District Dongjiayan Village as a case,obtained 44 deep interview materials which including ordinary villagers and the national college students.Though the combination of two kinds of empirical data,this research describes the present situation of ethnic identity for all ethnic groups,and compares the differences among different group characteristics and different classes,and then analyzes the effects of national welfare system on ethnic identity,also the effects' context;at last,summarizes the conclusion of this study,and discusses the corresponding policy implications.Through the analysis of the questionnaire,this study found:firstly,Han nationality and ethnic minority have different features in ethnic identity,and also have great differences between groups and classes;secondly,in terms of the effects of preferential treatment on ethnic identity:Cognitive degree of national welfare system can significantly enhance ethnic minority's emotional identity such as sense of honor and tool identification such as identity choice;strengthen the Han nationality's positive identity toward ethnic minority,but also strengthen the negative identity such as labeling effect on ethnic minority,and weaken negative identity such as relative deprivation feeling;strengthen national identity on both minority nationalities and the Han nationality.Access degree of national welfare system can significantly enhance tool identification of ethnic minority,weaken their emotional identity such as sense of honor and sense of belonging;strengthen the Han nationality's positive identity while weaken their negative identity toward ethnic minority;strengthen national identity on both minority nationalities and Han nationality.Satisfaction degree of national welfare system can significantly strengthen ethnic minority's emotional identity such as sense of honor,the traditional emotion,sense of belonging;strengthen Han nationality's positive identity while weaken their negative identity toward ethnic minority;in the meanwhile,strengthen ethnic minority's national identity.Through the analysis of the interview data,this study also found the structural cognitive background of national welfare system,there are:traditional alienation of ethic minority's;the stereotype of Han nationality to ethnic minority;the internalization of stigma for ethnic minority;the long history of patriarchal tradition;and ethnic boundary elements such as ancestry,physical appearance,language,external stimulus.The actual access behavior include:uneven identification among ethnic minorities;calculation based on benefits;the multilayer and symbiosis of ethnic identity system.People's moral justification include:welfare dependency of ethnic minority;people's reference fairness;Han nationality and ethnic minority's multicultural adaptation strategies.Combined with the quantitative analysis and qualitative research,we discovered that:there is instrumental orientation of ethnic identity in minority groups;people's judgment about fair rely on reference group;the relationship between Han nationality and ethnic minority turns out to be adaptation;people's ethnic identity and national identity are symbiosis.Therefore,this research suggest that we should do some more on system design,system implementation,and system assessment to improve the national welfare system and build a more harmonious ethnic relations:first of all,in the system design,we should promote the transformation of national welfare system from low Inclusive welfare system to moderate Inclusive welfare system.China's national welfare supply should improve the content of welfare system and choose object more strictly on the premise of sustainable development.In the system implementation,we need to optimize the cognitive procedure and access procedure.On the one hand,the state should strengthen policy propaganda and let people know more about the institution;on the other hand,strengthen the supervision of the implementation of the system and crack down on speculative fraud.Finally,in the system evaluation,we should discover the deviation between policy results and policy objectives timely,make up the default of policy and improve the content of institution. |
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