Pension Risks And Strategies Of Land-expropriated Farmers In Hubei Province

In the process of industrialization and urbanization,a large number of project construction and the rapid expansion of cities in China led to a large number of farmers losing their land and "entering the city" and "being upstairs.”Their scale is still increasing with the speed of urbanization.Big.Although in the process of "village relocation" in large and medium-sized cities,a group of "creating a generation" and "removing second-generation" wealth groups were spawned,but in the vicinity of small and medium-sized cities and towns,more farmers affected by land acquisition are facing major adjustments in production methods.Re-adapt to lifestyle.In particular,in recent years,as the awareness of land-expropriated farmers' rights and interests has increased,disputes over land compensation and pension security for land-expropriated farmers have continued.There have been more and more cases of complaints and visits,and local government land acquisition work has become increasingly difficult.Although research on the problem of farmers affected by land acquisition has been very fruitful since the 1990s,research on the problems of life and old-age support for farmers affected by land acquisition in small and medium-sized cities and townships and townships has been rare,and compared with ten years ago,The livelihood issues of the landless farmers currently present many new features such as high pressure on housing purchase,difficulty in placement and retirement security.In particular,the issue of pension risk has become the most common anxiety for farmers who have lost land security.Based on the "Study on the problem of land-expropriated farmers in Hubei Province" commissioned by Hubei Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Security in 2016,the paper used first-hand investigations on pension fund,pension risk,and pension support strategies for farmers affected by land acquisition in and around cities and towns in Hubei Province.Data development empirical research provides decision-making basis for further improving the endowment insurance system for landless farmers in Hubei Province.Based on the theory of sustainable livelihood,the paper extended the framework for the endowment insurance capacity of land-expropriated farmers.Through the survey data and interview data of land-expropriated farmers in 103 counties and cities in Hubei Province in 2016,the paper constructed observation indexes,designed questionnaires,and selected five Hubei Provinces for selection.A sample of counties and cities with large land acquisition area and large number of households involved in the province conducted household surveys,and a total of 953 individual questionnaires on effective land-expropriated farmers were collected.Based on the analytical framework of endowment support capabilities,the paper empirically analyzes the pension issues of land-expropriated farmers from three aspects:pension funding,pension risk,and pension strategies.The first is to compare the level of pension capital of farmers before and after land acquisition through factor analysis and correlation analysis.And the structure;Second,through the Ordered Probit regression analysis,to test the factors affecting the pension risk of the land-expropriated farmers;third is to establish a structural equation model,in-depth exploration of the impact of land acquisition on the peasants' pension strategy.The main findings and research conclusions are as follows:First,land requisition has a significant impact on the structure of pension funds for farmers.Judging from the level of old-age capital,there is a significant difference in old-age capital before and after land acquisition.The standard for determining landless peasants in Hubei Province is that the per capita arable land area is less than 0.3 mu,which will reduce the natural capital of land-expropriated farmers to a minimum.Correspondingly,peasants have increased their physical capital in the short-term by a certain amount in the form of compensation for young crops,expropriation and compensation,and financial capital has also increased.This also leads to a difference in the structure of old-age capital before land acquisition.Old-age pension is no longer land,but is achieved through the accumulation of material capital and the mobilization of financial capital.The closeness of human capital and social capital has increased,the number of family labor forces after land acquisition,employment skills and the social support network system have become tighter,and diversion of employment,pension insurance policies,and support networks for relatives have become the basis for the quality of life for the elderly.The detailed empirical process and results are analyzed in Chapter 3.Second,land acquisition exacerbates the pension risk of farmers,and the structure of old-age capital has a significant impact on pension risk.The empirical results show that since most of the land-expropriated farmers surveyed are still in the working age range,changes in individuals and families,village economy,land acquisition,and pension funds will significantly aggravate the farmers' concerns about the pension risk.By further examining the perception of pension risk of land-expropriated farmers,we found that the main pension risks include income risk,family support risk,medical care risk,uncontrollable risk,life care risk,and lone old risk.Under the impact of the external factors of land acquisition,the structure of the factors affecting each type of pension has changed before and after land acquisition.Therefore,land requisition has completely changed the farmers' original land security against the risk of old-age pensions.Farmers who lose their land face uncertainties in the above six aspects of the risks,and they have undermined the safety expectations for old lives.This to a certain extent shows that under the current institutional environment,the actual effect of the additional pension insurance by local governments is not satisfactory,the level is low and there is little room for future growth,and it cannot effectively increase the sense of retirement security of land-expropriated farmers.The detailed empirical process and results are analyzed in Chapter 4.Third,land acquisition directly and indirectly has a significant impact on the choice of peasants' pension strategies.The impact of land acquisition on the choice of pension strategy is divided into two aspects:On the one hand,it is the direct role of land acquisition,and the original production method is changed under external shocks.The main source of income is forced to change,affecting the choice of pension strategy;on the other hand,It is indirectly affected by the pension income,living conditions,and the three major intermediate variables of the daily diet.Farming income is transformed into employment and entrepreneurship.After retirement,income becomes unstable,and the living space and lifestyle behavior will also undergo major adjustments.In the form of isolation,the relocated units have changed from self-sufficient land cultivation to purchase of life from the market,and the three major changes have indirectly changed the retirement strategy of land-expropriated farmers.It is worth noting that the influence of mental accompany on the choice of retirement strategies has increased,which shows that in addition to the material income,spatial residency,and life arrangements in the old-age life,the peasants'psychological comfort after the land is expropriated The demand has become more prominent,fearing the loneliness of aging so that they will consider a more diversified pension model.The detailed empirical process and results are analyzed in Chapter 5.In addition to the introduction and the three chapters of the subject,the first chapter of the paper proposes an analytical framework for the elderly's endowment ability of land-expropriated farmers based on the sustainable livelihood theory.It starts with the importance and necessity of land for farmers,and further reviews the history of land and related security systems..The second chapter elaborates the research design,describes the data statistically,summarizes the status quo of the sample counties and cities,and combines the data collected by structured interviews to integrate the problems in the development of the stage.Chapter VI summarizes the three conclusions,and discusses issues such as the research surface is not wide enough,the application of the analytical framework,the effectiveness of pension insurance,the value of the data and analysis of the value of the promotion,etc.,based on which the endowment guarantee for the land-expropriated farmers.The improvement of the system puts forward five suggestions:First,strengthen the main responsibilities of local governments and establish a sound coordination mechanism;second,do a good job of linking the old and new policies,and establish a balance between data and documentation;and(3)clarify the functions of division of labor and cooperation,and reduce and optimize the handling process.The fourth is to attach importance to insurance coverage,allowing special groups to make supplementary payments;fifth is to plan the transition from pension insurance to social insurance;lost no unemployment,improve the employment system.There are three innovations in this article.The first innovation point is reflected in the new ideas in the theoretical perspective and analytical framework.According to the framework of sustainable livelihood analysis,we have explored and developed an analytical framework for the endowment insurance capacity of land-expropriated farmers,which has provided new ideas and new entry points for the research on endowment insurance of land-expropriated farmers,and through the effective extraction and conversion of livelihood capital,the Land Grading Farmers' Pension Capital Measurement and Indicator System.With this framework as the starting point,the relationship between old-age capital,pension risk and pension strategy will be comprehensively considered and analyzed.The second innovation point is reflected in the first-hand acquisition of indicators design and data.The questionnaire has undergone multiple trials and revisions.The follow-up organization has been completed and collected one-on-one.The quality is guaranteed.The scope covers the pension insurance agencies in 103 counties and municipalities in Hubei Province and 953 samples of typical county and urban land acquisition.The peasant households provided data support for further responding to the actual situation of the land-expropriated peasants,conveying the willingness of the land-expropriated peasants,and improving the endowment guarantee system for land-expropriated peasants.Based on this data,the following year-by-year follow-up surveys can be further constructed to become a dynamic database of pensions for land-expropriated farmers in Hubei Province.The third innovation point is reflected in the data analysis ideas and methods.The paper firstly screens the pension fund's index and calculates the score of the factor,analyzes the correlation between the various components of the old-age capital before and after land acquisition,and analyzes the partial and multiple correlations of the old-age capital before and after the land requisition;secondly,it is based on the authenticity of the land-expropriated farmers.Concerned about putting forward research hypotheses and establishing research models,empirically testing the influencing factors of pension risk of land-expropriated farmers,and the influencing factors of different types of pension risks before and after land acquisition;on this basis,further using the structural equation model to further explore the pensions of land-expropriated farmers.The formation path of strategy is to empirically analyze the impact mechanism and impact of land acquisition on farmers;pension strategy.Due to the limitations of regional data,the conclusions drawn from the use of small sample data in Hubei Province are still doubtful about the promotion value of the land-expropriated farmers as a nationwide group.An analytical framework based on sustainable livelihoods framework for the provision of old-age care is in use.The applicability of the land-expropriated farmers' pensions is also open to question.These two points are the biggest regrets and deficiencies of this article.