Technology Innovation And Export Competitiveness Of Chinese Manufacturing

Based on the theory of technology innovation,technological catch-up of developing countries,comparative advantage and industrial competitiveness,this paper takes manufactureing as the research object,examines the Status and historical changes of technology innovation of various industries in manufacturing from the perspective of innovation input and output,analyzes the factors that affect technology innovation of Chinese manufacturing.In addition,measures the export competitiveness of the manufacturing from two dimensions of export scale and export quality.On the basis,analyzes the influence of technological innovation on export quantity competitiveness and the export quality competitiveness respectively as well as industrial heterogeneity by using the innovation output and input as the agent index of technology innovation,and draws conclusions as follows:From the point of view of innovation input,R&D expenditure and R&D personnel of Chinese manufacturing are growing faster,the ratio of R&D expenditure to GDP and the proportion of R&D personnel are all increasing,although higher than other BRIC countries,but still lower than the developed countries.From the absolute scale of innovation output,the number of published papers,patent applications and trademark applications are at the forefront of the world,but the relative level of patent intensity and scientific papers per capita is still low,and the proportion of inventions with a higher technical content in the number of patent applications is still small,indicating that the quality of China's manufacturing innovation output is still low.From the perspective of China's export commodity structure,industrial manufactured goods has accounted for an absolute dominant position in the total exports.The proportion of labor-intensive industries decreased further,while capital-intensive industries and technology-intensive industries are rising,especially technology-intensive industries has dominated in the total export of manufactured goods.Industries of the highest export volume of the Labor-intensive industries are:textile,textile and garment,shoes,hats manufacturing and leather,fur,feathers(velvet)and its products industry.Chemical raw materials and chemical products manufacturing,plastic products industry,ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry accounted for a higher proportion of exports in Capital-intensive industries.In the technology-intensive industries,the share of communications equipment,computers and other electronic equipment manufacturing,general equipment manufacturing,electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing is the highest.The export competitiveness of Chinese manufacturing which is measured by revealed comparative advantage index and revealed competitive advantage index shows that:the export competitiveness of labor-intensive industries tends to decline as the demographic dividend decays,the rising labor costs and the constraints on resources and environment,while the competitiveness of capital-intensive industries and technology-intensive industries tend to rise.Among them,the export competitiveness of technology-intensive industries is particularly evident,transformed gradually from a competitive disadvantage industry into industry of average international competitiveness.For specific industry,China's manufacturing industry with strong international competitiveness is still mainly for the labor-intensive industries,but for the textile and garment,shoes,cap products,leather,fur,feathers(velvet)and its products industry and culture and education,its export competitiveness tends to decline.Export competitiveness of rubber products industry,ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry,metal products industry,plastic products industry,electrical machinery and equipment manufacturing,general equipment manufacturing and other capital,technology-intensive industries are gradually increasing,but its overall export competitiviness of capital-intensive and technical-intensive industry is still at a disadvantage.The export quality competitiveness measured by export complexity indicators shows that the export sophistication of technology-intensive industry is higher than capital-intensive and labor-intensive industries.The calculation results of export technology sophistication proposed by Hausman shows that the technological complexity of most Chinese manufacturing is increasing from 2003 to 2014.The export sophistication of capital-intensive industries is growing relatively rapidly as a whole,it has declined only for few industries.However,the results of the Tacchella export sophistication approach shows that labor-intensive industries have the lowest export sophistication but tend to rise,and the export sophistication of capital-intensive and technology-intensive industries is higher,but the export sophistication of many high-tech industries tends to decline,its development trend is worrying.Industrial intellectual property protection has a direct positive incentive effect on technology innovation.Intellectual property protection affects the innovation capacity of the Chinese manufacturing indirectly by promoting the introduction of foreign technology.There is a substitution effect and complementary effect between technology innovation and technology introduction,due to different absorptive capacity,it shows a non-linear relationship between technological innovation and technology introduction of Chinese manufacturing.There is a threshold effect of heterogeneous absorption capacity to realize the lagging advantage of technology,only if the absorption capacity which is measured by the stock of R&D expenditure and human capital is higher than the critical value,the technology introduction can effectively promote the level of industrial technological innovation.Technology innovation improves the industrial export competitiveness through cost competition and product differentiation.Technology innovation measured by patent applications has significantly promoted export competitiveness of Chinese manufacturing,but its impact has industrial heterogeneity,its impact on capital-intensive industries is significantly positive,Although the impact on labor-intensive and technology-intensive industries is also positive but it is not significant.The analysis of the impact of heterogeneous innovation shows that utility model and designs obviously improved the export competitiveness of labor-intensive industry,but invention patent with higher technology content has no significant effect on it.Invention patents,utility models and designs have effectively increased the export competitiveness of capital-intensive industries,and its impact is significantly greater than labor-intensive and technology-intensive industries.Invention patents significantly enhance the export competitiveness of technology-intensive industries,but the impact of utility model and designs is not significant.R&D expenditure has a significant positive impact on industrial export sophistication of Chinese manufacturing,which has a greater impact on the low-scoring industry,but less impact on the high-scoring industry.Due to the low level of human capital and the existence of threshold characteristics,human capital has significant negative inhibitory effect on the overall industrial export sophistication of Chinese manufacturing,but there are differences between different sub-sites of export technology sophistication,It has a significant inhibitory effect for low-scoring industry,but a insignificant positive promoting effect for high-scoring industry.Its impact is not stable for the foreign direct investment,import and other external knowledge factors.