"Initiation" To "Disappearance":Political Ecology Logic Framwork On Tourism Development Of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park

Since 18th NCPCC,under the guidance of new ideas such as General Secretary Xi Jinping's "Green Mountain is Jinshan Yinshan Mountain" and "Eco-Public Product Supply" and "Forestry Construction is a Fundamental Problem Concerning Sustainable Economic and Social Development",the forest park has become a strategic space for satisfying the people's ever-increasing contradictions between the need for a better life and unbalanced development.In the past 40 years of forest tourism development,there have been many academic perspectives to study the basic dynamics of its development,such as the theory of industrial economy based on the interaction between market supply and demand,and public management theories about the power between government,society and market,and the regional economic theory related about the arrangement and integration of complementary cultures of the"local" system.However,there are two major drawbacks to these theories:First,they all emphasize the nature,ignore the external influences from multiple spatial scales,and second,they ignore the discussion of political linkages.In fact,this space of forest parks is not only a place or an area for the conservation and use of forest tourism resources,but also a space full of political significance.It is a product of various ideologies and is constructed by society.This is exactly the nature of the forest park tourism development theory.Forest park is a strategic space of eco-cultivation construction from wood production space and tourism consumption space,considered as an ignored 'weak'space in the previous studies.Tourismscape as not only an objective and scenery landscape,but also the processes of association and ordering between heterogeneous elements,including people,organizations,objects,technologies,spaces,and powers,which benefits to pay attention to the local and out-of-local actors,substitutes the spatial block to actors' behavior,also directly depicts the effect of power relation to spatial production of tourismscape.This project applies case studt,discourse analysis,inter-disciplinary analysis as the methodology,considers Zhangjiajie National Forest Park as a case study,combines "structure-system analysis" and "process-event analysis",and study the evolution and mechanism of actors' values on landscapes,power hierarchy and rescaling,and power relationship(power shaping and power shift),to construct a Chinese spatial production model of nature landscape.based on society-space process and the nexus between power hierarchy and territory.In a word,there are findings in this dissertation,as followed:(1)Based on literature review on political ecology and space production,this dissertation constructed an analysis framework of political ecology in National Forest Parks,which includes the boundaries of power,the size of power,the level of power and perception space,the conception space and the living space in the nexus between power structure and power process,considering from the "society-space" process of scale.It is based on the viewpoint that "space landscape is the core attraction of tourism".(2)The local government and the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park have always played an active role in the tourism development of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park.In the 1980s,they quickly established it as a new tourism and leisure space by actively seeking support from the superior government.In the early 1990s,local governments strengthened their control by changing their jurisdiction and personnel rights.In the early 21st century,the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park balanced the unequal relations with the local government with the plan of the forestry department,the office of the director-general,and the deputy director of the system.However,the local governments have played with the de-localization methods such as the appointment and dismissal of forest parks,the real-time network diversion of ticket sales,and the allocation of unplanned funds,effectively curtailing the struggle for power in the forest park.In particular,in recent years,the "National Park Pilot Project"may trigger the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park to rise to the sequence of future national parks.The local government used the "Kowloon water control,multi-headed management" and other general knowledge of the academic and industry communities to implement tourism management mechanisms.In the name of system transformation,the name "Zhangjiajie National Forest Park" disappeared.(3)Although government-led and market-based capital space practices have accelerated the over-consumption of the Zhangjiajie National Forest Park's ecological environment,the involvement of UNESCO,an authoritative foreign actor,combined with the central government's stress transmission and media's public opinion response It has slowed the capitalist practice of the spatial landscape of forest parks conspired by the government and capital,and regulated the spatial development policy in the National Forest Park.The participation of external actors such as central government departments,international authoritative organizations,and open Internet information can coordinate the balance between the government,market,and society,and promote the sustainable development of tourism in Zhangjiajie.(4)The logic of political ecology of actors in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park,directed by the local governments,is an important measure for the scaling-up of local community actors such as forest farm staff and community residents and the scaling-down of the tourism market actors,and the localization of laws and regulations as an important support,which took the power balance of the actor alliance as the core,it will intuitively explain the impact of power relations on the development of forest tourism.