| China's attempts in poverty alleviation and development have entered a new stage of providing food and clothing,improving the ecological environment,enhancing the development capability,and narrowing the development gap.The main tasks of poverty alleviation are to support people's livelihood,education,healthcare,culture,employment,and social security,grant industries with special advantages,accelerate the construction of ecological civilization,and promote the equal provision of basic public services to address an unbalanced regional development.Among these tasks,?the participation of all parties is a joint force,and the participation of the masses is the foundation? has become an important manifestation of the current stage of poverty alleviation and development,an organic combination of industrial organization and folk participation has been realized,and a new form of poverty alleviation and development supported by government supervision and folk-coordinated autonomy led by industrial organization has been developed.Despite the progress in China's poverty alleviation and development,the influence of external factors on the country's rural space increases every day.Space is a value-added commodity,and the spatialization of capital accelerates the development of rural areas.Space practice provides farmers with diverse forms of employment.Spatial representation promotes land-intensive activities and improves the backward features of rural areas.Space representation diversifies the value orientation of farmers.This paper examines how the capacity-building of a poverty alleviation subject affects the rural space production in poverty-stricken areas.Improving the capacity-building of the poverty alleviation subjects can help coordinate the relationship between internal and external forces,allow external forces to flexibly connect with the needs of farmers while stimulating the internal forces,encourage the villagers to participate,effectively promote the integration of various forces,and improve the production and living environment of poor villages.This work has three objectives.First,this paper proposes definitions and reviews the literature on space production and the capacity-building of poverty alleviation subjects.Based on the findings from the literature review,this paper proposes several hypotheses regarding the relationship between material space production and social space production and their effects on rural space production from the dimensions of government capacity-building,industrial assistance organization capacity-fbuilding,and farmers' development capacity-building.Second,this paper studies the capacity-building of a poverty alleviation subject.By conducting a literature review and a field investigation,this paper constructs the capacity-building index of the poverty alleviation subject,measures multidimensional poverty in Yunnan Province,determines the relationship between the capacity-building index of the poverty alleviation subject and the multidimensional poverty incidence by performing a binary Logistic regression analysis,and identifies the most suitable index.The capacity of the government is measured in three dimensions.First,the resource project management capacity is measured by determining whether the government is the initiator of poverty alleviation projects and whether poverty alleviation policies are formulated according to the current needs.Second,the poverty alleviation information communication capacity is measured based on the difficulty of obtaining funds.Third,the internal management capacity is measured based on the fairness of the project implementation.The industrial assistance organization capacity is measured in two dimensions,namely,resource exploration capability(including sales channels)and resource utilization capability(includes production measures).The development capacity of farmers is measured in three dimensions,namely,human capital(including the number of people with education above junior high school),production capacity(including the number of workers and their enthusiasm for production),and participating capabilities(including mutual aid organizations and agricultural enterprise cooperation).Third,this paper studies the rural space production in poverty-stricken areas.Based on theory of space production and by taking the Zhela township of Yanshan County in Wenshan Prefecture as an example,this paper analyzes the space production process of rural communities under the influence of poverty alleviation and development.The material space shows a vertical-concentrated development of the living space residence and a reduction in the public–private transition space.The production space shows an increasing amount of production land and a mixing of the production space with the living space.The social space shows that ?non-agricultural? economic relations can reduce neighborhood dependency and change the consumption pattern of individuals from ?self-sufficiency? to ?high consumption.? In the production mode,the income becomes increasingly diversified and the employment mode shifts from ?half-ploughing and half-working? to ?non-agricultural.? Similar to the construction of the capacity-building index of the poverty alleviation subject,spatial production and multidimensional poverty are analyzed by conducting a binary Logistic regression and several spatial production indexes are eventually obtained.The material space includes improvements in the living environment,housing structure,traffic facilities,and employment environment.The social space includes neighborhood relations,help-seeking channels,proportion of cultural and recreational activities to total consumption expenditure,participation in village-level production activities,and income growth proportion.The reliability and validity of the scale are tested and revised accordingly based on the results of an exploratory factor analysis.The structural equation model is used to test the research hypotheses.The test results show that government capacity-building,industrial assistance organization capacity-building,and farmers' development capacity-building all have positive effects on rural material space production.Government capacity-building and industrial poverty alleviation capacity-building have positive effects on rural social space production,while the effect of farmers' development capacity-building on rural material space production is not supported.In the process of poverty alleviation and development,the subjects are also the behavior subjects of space production in poverty-stricken areas.These subjects include the local government,market players,and poor farmers.Among these subjects,the local government is the main,most direct,and most complex production subject in the process of space production in poverty-stricken areas.The multi-dimensional behavior logic of the local government under a complex positioning guides the poverty alleviation and development and the behavior of the other subjects in the process of space production.They also encourage market players(e.g.,cooperatives or enterprises),industrial organizations,and the like to cooperate with the local poor farmers.Apart from seeking profit,these market players also fulfill social responsibilities to help the local villagers become rich.Poor farmers have a certain feedback effect on local space production by participating in poverty alleviation decision making.By affecting behavioral logic,the capacity-building of a poverty alleviation subject can also influence the poverty alleviation effect and spatial production process.Finally,on the basis of the results of the structural equation study on the capacity-building of the poverty alleviation subject,rural spatial production and the impact mechanism between the two,starting from the capacity-building of local government,market players,and poor farmers,we discuss the space production strategy of poverty-stricken areas during poverty alleviation and propose a cooperative governance strategy for multiple subjects and a spatial optimization path for rural transformation and development. |
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