U.S.Assistance To Pakistan(1979-1990)

Pakistan became the "front-line" state overnight when Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979.In response to the security threat to the Southwest Asia,the United States urgently need to assistance Pakistan for supporting resistance of afghan and forcing Soviet withdrawal.The Carter administration proposed an assistance package worth about $400 million,but Zia dismissed it as "peanuts".Reagan administration took office in 1981,U.S.revived the security relationship with Pakistan.Keystone of relationship is multi-year assistance programs signed in1981 and 1986 of$3.2 and $4.02 billion respectively,which had played an important role in forcing Soviet withdrawal.However,the assistance package had been threatened by the nuclear trouble,democracy in Pakistan,eradication narcotics,Indo-Pakistan dispute and etc.In the wake of Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and end of the Cold War,in October 1990,President Bush refused to make the necessary certification to Congress.Under the provisions of the Pressler amendment,most economic and all military aid to Pakistan was stopped and U.S.-Pakistan relations deteriorated again.Based on the files of America's foreign relations with Pakistan and Congress files,added with works and papers of U.S.-Pakistan relations and some media reports,this dissertation will investigate U.S.assistance policy to Pakistan during 1979 to 1990 from history of international relations perspective.The first chapter is the review and evaluation of America's aid policy toward Pakistan from 1947 to 1979.In 1947 the new independent Pakistan's strategic value was overlooked by policy-makers of America,U.S.only provided small-scale economic assistance to Pakistan.When Pakistan entered into a military alliance with America in 1954,Pakistan obtained large-scale economic and military aid from America.Indo-Pakistan war in 1965 exposed the difference in the alliance,U.S.implemented military embargo and the aid to Pakistan was suspended.The second to fourth chapter mainly investigates the assistance policy to Pakistan after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 and before the Geneva accord in 1988.The Carter administration's assistance plan was failed for lacking of determination in quantity and quality.In order to revive the security relations with Pakistan,Reagan administration's assistance policy toward Pakistan had been changed substantially.There were two aid packages had been reached in 1981 and 1986 respectively,which included sales of F-16s.During the implement of aid programs,many legally restrictions and obstacles for nuclear non-proliferation,democracy,Indo-Pakistan dispute and etc.from Congress had been removed by U.S.GovernmentThe fifth chapter mainly discusses the influence of Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and end of the Cold war to American assistance policy toward Pakistan and the evolution of Bush administration finally suspended aid in October 1990.The biggest motivation for aiding Pakistan had been lost when Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1988,the continuation and adding of aid program in 1989 couldn't conceal the dispute of nuclear issues between U.S.and Pakistan.The sixth chapter is the evaluation of U.S.aid policy toward Pakistan during this period.The aim of U.S.aid policy to Pakistan had been divided into five field—Afghanistan issues,nuclear non-proliferation,democracy,eradication narcotics and roles of Pakistan in the region,and the evaluation of U.S.assistance policy toward Pakistan is focused on those aims.This dissertation also discusses the U.S.aiding policy from Pakistan perspectives.On the context of the study of U.S.aid policy to Pakistan,The conclusion is some enlightenment and thinking for the future U.S.-Pakistan relations and China's assistance to Pakistan.