Research On The Urban Community Governance In China From The Perspective Of Symbiosis Theory

A community is a community formed by residents based on their preference.The residents and organizations in the community depend on each other and share weal and woe.Different species live together in a certain relationship,which is called symbiosis in the field of biology.Similar phenomena are gradually interpreted as symbiosis in the field of sociology.Community has become the most common field of symbiosis.This paper uses symbiosis theory to analyse the practice of Chinese urban communities.The focus of urban community management has been adjusted several times since the founding of new China.Although governments have made a lot of efforts at all levels,it is still very common that urban community problems can be seen but not managed,can be managed but not seen,can be seen and managed but unwilling to manage at the beginning of this century.The grid management mode of urban community with Chinese characteristics has been created in order to solve these problems effectively.The members,resources and operation mode of grid management are all from the government in the period of traditional social management.Therefore,the principal parameter(the factor that determines the intrinsic nature of the symbiotic unit)shows that it is homogenous with the governmental management style,which is a further extension of the latter to the community.The Third Plenary Session of the 18 th CPC Central Committee proposed social governance reform.As the micro structure of society,the practice of urban community has a new development,and it begins to pay attention to the cultivation of governance subject while the grid management is strengthened.Taking the urban communities in the annual “Ten Innovative Achievements of Community Governance in China” and the nominated urban communities from 2013 to 2015 as samples,this paper concludes that the practical priorities of urban communities in China in these three years are,burden reduction and efficiency increase,linkage of three communities and interaction between government and society through the analysis of NVivo11 software.The practice of urban communities has changed from homogeneous extension to heterogeneous development from the perspective of symbiosis theory.The study on the four key variables of the symbiotic behavior model found that there were a small number of heterogeneous governance subjects in the community,and these subjects were interacting with each other through related projects led by the party and government.The material and information exchanges in the interaction were mainly one-way,and the result of the interaction was the enhancement of the proliferation ability of subjects except the party and government.The variable data show that the symbiotic behavior pattern of urban communities in this period belongs to the symbiotic bias.In recent years(from 2016 till now),the grid management mode and community governance elements of urban communities have made new development.The grid management of urban communities in China continues to develop in a normal way from2016 to the outbreak of COVID-19.The core lies in the further deepening of the past practice and the exploratory solution of existing problems.Grid management undertook the important mission of community epidemic prevention and control,and made some emergency adjustments and “leak-filling” improvements in practice after the outbreak of COVID-19.This paper studies the development of community governance elements using 101 excellent community work methods selected by the Ministry of Civil Affairs in 2018 as samples(the author has continued to track these work methods and has updated the latest progress).It is found that the urban community had been guided by the overall goal of consultation and co-governance,formed a governance pattern of multi-subject participation,resource integration and sharing,and developed diversified governance practices through the study of NVivo11 software.It can be seen from the four core variables of the symbiotic behavior pattern that urban communities had generated a rich body of governance.These subjects initiated a variety of co-governance activities.The material and information flowed in multiple directions in activity.Organizations within communities eventually developed asynchronously.This indicates that the symbiotic behavior pattern of urban communities at this stage belongs to asymmetric mutualism.“Problems” seem to have never been far away in the process of the continuous development of urban communities in China.Each new practice solves the old problems,and at the same time,new problems arise,and the new problems become the driving force for the practice to innovate again.At present,the practice of asymmetric mutualism in urban communities faces many problems,and symmetric mutualism is its evolution direction.The development from asymmetric mutualism to symmetric mutualism requires multiple transformations of symbiotic units,interfaces and conditions.Although the ideal of symmetric mutualism is good,this transformation process cannot be completed overnight.Based on the current practice status of urban communities,combined with the problems faced by practice,in order to complete the transformation of urban communities in China,it is necessary to realize the full development and deep integration of community grid management and governance elements.The original intention of urban community grid management is to strengthen the government's ability to manage the interdepartmental network at the internal level.The essence of the development of urban community governance elements is the improvement of the degree of public-private cooperation within the community and the improvement of the management ability of grass-roots party and government departments to the public-private cooperation network.The degree of public-private partnership and the capacity of network management are two dimensions of understanding network governance in the study by scholars Stephen Goldsmith and William D.Compared with the practice of the theory,the development law of urban communities in China and the American society has some similarities.This paper proposes that networked governance is the ultimate direction of the two-dimensional development of grid management and governance elements of urban communities in China,and the goal of further development of urban communities.According to symbiosis theory,dynamic mechanism and damping mechanism are two important factors that determine the change of symbiosis relationship.In order to promote the development of networked governance in urban communities in China,it is necessary to find out the driving force and resistance.The research finds that there are three main driving factors: the party and government leadership(the party and government leadership can be subdivided into the party leadership and the government impetus in the communities where the party and government are relatively separated;the power of the party and government is integrated in the implementation of the “party and government shoulder to shoulder” community),interest driving force and science and technology support force.These forces are not isolated from each other,but interact and work together.A single governance network can be formed by multiple forces,but usually only one power plays a dominant role.The author finds that the Chengjian community in Changqing Street,Erdao District,Changchun City,Jilin Province has the most comprehensive driving factors in all the previous sample communities and other communities investigated by the author,and has initially promoted the construction of network governance.Taking the Chengjian community as an example,this paper analyzes the operational process of network governance guided by these dynamic factors.In addition,this paper takes the “centrifugal force” in the networked governance of urban communities under the leadership of grass-roots party organizations as an example to analyze the internal tension in shaping the networked governance system of urban communities.The urgent task is to find ways to strengthen the motivation and eliminate the resistance after clarifying the motivation and resistance of the development of Chinese urban communities to network governance.The value conflict is the deeper reason behind the tension between subjects.Values are the fundamental factors that influence the governance of urban communities in China.Symbiosis is the original value of human society and the value concept of urban community networked governance.The starting point of urban community governance network community is asymmetry reciprocal symbiosis behavior patterns,so implementing path of the former is the latter's development path.In other words,the three core elements of the symbiotic behavior pattern,symbiotic unit,symbiotic interface and symbiotic conditions(the outcome allocation is the final result of the symbiotic relationship)are also the basic aspects of the implementation path of urban community network governance.This paper explores the implementation path of China's urban community networked governance from four aspects: symbiotic value system(value concept),governance organization construction(symbiotic unit),governance action choice(symbiotic interface)and science and technology support(symbiotic conditions).