Research On China's Urban Multidimensional Poverty Under The Perspective Of Sustainable Livelihoods

At this stage,global poverty problem becomes one of the dangerous factors which influence the stability and harmony of the social life no matter what are the developed or developing countries,and are highly concerned by all the governments.According to World Bank experts'opinion,after the middle of the21st century,most of the world's poor people will be centralized distribution in cities.Correspondingly,urban residents'poverty will become one of the important problems that disturb and impede the development of those countries with a high concentration of urban population.From a global perspective,it appeared“Poverty Urbanization”phenomenon due to the pace of urban poverty reduction has been slower than that of rural areas.Likewise,Chinese government often give more importance to reduce poverty level of rural residents while the poverty level of urban residents has changed slowly.With the development of enterprise ownership reform and the gradual advancement of urbanization process,the poverty problem of urban residents will inevitably become more and more obvious in the future.The focus of poverty governance should be from rural areas to urban areas with characteristics of relative poverty and multidimensional poverty after completing the building of the well-off society in an all-round way in China.The employment of the urban poor labor force and sustainable development policies can guide the implementation of the poverty reduction strategy with equal emphasis on urban and rural areas,but the systematic research in this field is still relatively weak in China.Based on this situation this thesis analyzed the poverty alleviation and long-term development of the urban poor labor force systematically by using detailed micro-household data and put forward practical policy recommendations to enrich the theory of urban poverty and anti-poverty.It would be useful for Chinese urban poverty management.This thesis takes the poor urban people from 16 to 65 years old as the research object,helping the urban working-age poor people stable employment and sustainable development as the research objectives.The main research methods are literature research,empirical analysis,comparative research and normative analysis.This thesis follows“Description of General Situation of Poverty and Evaluation of Poverty Reduction(Problems Posing)?Analysis on the Factors Leading to Poverty of Working Age People(Problems Analying)?Reconstructing the Poverty Identification System and Putting forward Multidimensional Poverty Relief Policies and Measures(Problems Solving)”.The thesis includes an introduction and six chapters.Firstly,it expounds the necessity of research on urban poverty relief,and then puts forward the framework of the research;Secondly,it elaborates the history and present situation of the urban poverty and poverty alleviation measures,and demonstrates the effect of the policy measures of urban poverty relief in China with a variety of subjective and objective indicators,affirms its achievements and puts forward some suggestions for improvement;Thirdly,the employment status of urban workers is statistically analyzed,and the factors causing poverty of urban workers are quantitatively studied.Taking multiple characteristics of individuals and families as possible micro influencing factors,the binary regression model is used to demonstrate the poverty causing factors of urban unemployed and urban informal employees,which provides an empirical basis for the construction of multidimensional poverty index;Fourthly,it clarifies the defects of the current measurement of income poverty,and puts forward the identification method of urban residents'poverty from one dimension to multiple dimensions,which is not only a change of methods,but also a change in the concept of poverty governance,and a change from short-term"blood transfusion"to long-term"blood-making",therefore improved poverty-stricken workers'ability in getting rid of poverty.Fifthly,the thesis establishes the Urban Multidimensional Poverty Index,calculates the overall and sub-indicators poverty rate in 2013,and further analyzes the employment/learning characteristics of the poverty objects under each secondary index,identifies the main relief objects through the results of eight secondary indicators;Finally,based on the experiences of India's multidimensional poverty governance,and the implementation of poverty relief policies of promoting employment in the United States,the thesis summarizes some suggestions on the measures of poverty relief for informal employment and unemployed people.The main research conclusions include:firstly,the Gini Coefficient of urban residents'income in 2013 is 0.414,which exceeds the internationally recognized"warning line"level of 0.4,and the transfer income is the main factor to narrow the income gap,while property income is the main factor of widening income gap;In 2013,57.3%of the beneficiaries of China's Urban Minimum Living Security were distributed in the lowest income households.According to international experiences,Urban Minimum Living Security is generally good,the problem of missing and wrong insurance cannot be ignored.Secondly,the thesis concludes that:age,physical condition and the proportion of family employment are the main factors affecting the poverty of the unemployed;working income,employment channels and per capita financial assets of families are the main factors affecting the poverty of informal employees from the small sample of urban low-income insurance households and the large sample of all urban households.The thesis provides a theoretical basis for constructing a Multidimensional Poverty Index with the goal of promoting high-quality employment for poor workers.Thirdly,on the basis of the United Nations multidimensional poverty index(MPI),this thesis constructs the MPI index of urban residents in China around the individual responsibility and right of workers,which includes three aspects:employment,laborer's human capital(including education and health care),laborer's living standards(including income,financial assets and pension security);Using the 2013 data of Chinese Household Income Survey(CHIP)to calculate the percentage of the urban multidimensional poverty population,the thesis analyzes the matching degree between urban multidimensional poverty and Urban Minimum Living Security,the difference between the two methods is relatively small;the level of poverty rate of two-level indicators and the contribution size of M₀are comprehensive considered,the top four are medical insurance,endowment insurance,financial assets and employment.These four aspects mainly focus on the two types of objects:informal workers and the unemployed.Compared with the current research results,the“Research on Urban Multidimensional Poverty under the Perspective of Sustainable Livelihoods”shows that the main innovation points lie in three aspects:First,innovation of research angle.This thesis adopts the unique research perspective of sustainable livelihoods and urban multidimensional poverty.According to the Post-2015 Human Development Goals it proposes new and improved methods of identification and the relief of urban poverty in China,in order to adapt to the new changes of social situation.Second is innovation of index selection in Multidimensional Poverty.The full text has consistently analyzed that financial assets have a non-negligible effect on the sustainable development of the poor.Furthermore,it proposes to set up Family Development Accounts for poor families,and requires the depositor to be in a state of employment to strengthen incentives for poor workers,and gives education and training on poverty alleviation,and brings together the thrust of employment promotion and the pulling force of the accumulation of assets to improve the ability and opportunity of poor families to extricate themselves from poverty.Third is the innovation of the content of the policy proposal under the new poverty identification method.The thesis analyze the characteristics of poverty object under the two step recognition method of double critical value,and puts forward specific policy suggestions according to the priority of poverty relief policy by useing microscopic 2013 data of Chinese Household Income Survey.This research pay more attention to the pratical measures,compared to the present research,is more in-depth,the content is more detailed,and more targeted and feasible.