Chang Chih-tung With The Academic Reform And The Reform Of Academic System In Later Of Qing Dynasty

It was an important achievement of the reform of modern education in China that the academy changed into school. To the course and the cause of the reform of academic system, scholars had different ideas. Generally, scholars researched the reform only at an angle of educational view, and seldom at the angle of social and cultural views, in the historical background.In the course of the reform, Chang Chih-tung was an important person, who was interested in establishing academies in his early stage, then reformed academy, at last promoted the reform academy's system in countryside. He went through all the historical stage when the academy changed into modern school. But there were few scholars to study Chang Chih-tung's activities in academies, which were analysied in this thesis to discussed the course and course of the reform of academy system.The course could divided into three stages. The first analysied Chang Chih-tung's ideas of academic education in Jingxin Academy, Zunjing Academy and Lingde Academy . The aim which he established that academies were to train men for practice by teaching traditional classics. The second was Chang Chih-tung reformed the new established Guangya Academy and Lianghu Academy with his ideas of Yangwu. There have different ideas to the first academy: (1) the content was multipled ,(2) the teachers were not only at home in traditional classics, but also in the western ,(3) the attitude of people with ability was changed. The third was the first reform of academic system in the Political Reform of Wuxu with the dramatic changes of the social situation, because the academy which has developed for more than thousand years, has long-standing abuse and could not train men for social needs more and more. However, the reform was stopped with the failure of the political reform because of the cruel suppress from the opposition faction. Then, in the new political reform period, Chang Chih-tung engaged in a series of modernized reforms of education, and advocated reforming academic system again in 1902. As a result, he promoted the academy changed into modern school in country-side. His act satisfied the needs of educational modernization.