Chinese "Le₂" With Vietnamese "R(?)i" Contrast And Error Analysis

The word "le₂" is frequently used in Chinese and has many usages.As far as the foreign students who learn Chinese are concerned,"le₂" is a difficult grammar point for them,with no exception when it comes to the Vietnamese students.When Vietnamese learners use "le₂",they mainly rely on their language sense instead of the grammar rules.Actually,there's a word in Vietnamese called "r(?)i" being viewed as the counterpart as "le₂".However,these two words are not exactly the same and the differences between them are hard to distinguish sometimes. Therefore,errors are easy to be found when Vietnamese learners use "le₂" because of the transfer of their mother tongue and not knowing well about the using roles of "le₂".This paper tries to do a contrastive analysis about "le₂" and "r(?)i" on the aspects of grammar,meaning,usage,and function.Then the paper discusses what caused the errors based on the contrastive analysis and give some suggestions about the teaching of "le₂".There are six chapters:The first chapter talks about why the topic is chosen and the method and meaning of this research.The second chapter talks about the recent researches on "le₂" and "r(?)i".The third chapter talks about the contrastive analysis result about "le₂" and "r(?)i" from the aspects of grammar,meaning,usage,and function.The result shows that "le₂" and "r(?)i" are not exactly the same.The meaning of the words and the type of the sentences should be considered when deciding whether the translation is necessary or not.The fourth chapter talks about the categories and reasons of errors.The categories of errors can be divided into four kinds:a.more use;b.leakage use;c.be confused in the usage of "le₂" and some other patterns;b.use "le1" and "le₂" in the wrong place.The reasons of these errors mainly are:a.the descriptions of the usage of "le₂" on textbooks are too simple;b.the use of the complexity of "le";c.the influence of students' mother tongue.The fifth chapter talks about the analysis result of teaching.It shows that the teaching of "le2" has not drawn many attentions in Vietnam now.Suggestions on teaching and how to use textbooks are givens based on this result combined with the analysis result of errors.The sixth chapter talks about the conclusion and discusses the usage of this research result in teaching Chinese to Vietnamese students as well.