The Study Of Agricultural Production Cultural Change In Rural Society Since The Founding Of China

This study attempts to research the existing way and operating mechanism of the rural community with the cultural philosophy as the macro horizon. Because of the limited passages, the agricultural production culture, which is a part of social product culture of the township society, is chosen as research target. The agricultural production culture is the basis of the existence and operation of the rural community. Thus this research gains the basic characteristics and explanatory power for the existing and operating mechanism. This research comprehensively applies the theories and research achievements in politics, sociology, political economics, cultural study and folklore study, whose research methodologies are also borrowed to this research to some extent. This research takes the agricultural production culture as a target, investigates the macro-conditions of background, production process and operating mechanism, analyzes all kinds of factors and inner-contradictions affecting and restricting the process of the agricultural production culture, explores the regularities and characteristics of agricultural culture in township society, summarizes the experiences and lessons of country reform in rural areas and finally finds the methods and approaches to solving the three issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area and the nation's long term development.From the divisions of time axis, the changes of agricultural production culture in township society are divided into two stages. One is the stage before the reform and opening, and the other after it. The reason of the division is that before the reform and opening, our country had a period of economy shortage and carried out the highly centralized planned economy system, which was characterized by state monopoly in purchasing and selling. But, after the reform and opening, our country went into socialist market economy gradually. The two different stages belonged to different macro-economic environment which the economies depended on. From the perspective of agricultural production approach, before the reform and opening, different forms of cooperatives system was on the stage, especially the cooperative system characterized by people's commune. While, after the reform and opening, the agricultural production approach developed into individual economy of small peasant. Thus, they were two different stages from the perspective of operating mechanism of agricultural production culture. The statement of the thesis is planned by horizontal axis. The first chapter investigates and analyzes the macro-political and economic environment and agricultural production object affecting the agricultural production culture after the foundation of the PRC. This is the macro-conditions of background for the existence and operation of agricultural production culture which lays the foundation for the agricultural production culture. Only by adequate understanding and grasp of the macro-background of production culture can we better understand the agricultural production culture. The second part investigates the agricultural production approach which includes the specific approaches and contents of agricultural production and serves as the sensitive basis of our understanding for agricultural production culture. Only on this basis can we have a practical understanding for the operation of agricultural production process. The study of theory should have explicit practical basis and direction. Or it will go adrift from the reality. The third part deeply investigates and analyzes the operating mechanism in the agricultural production culture from three perspectives: the first is the agricultural production approaches– the organizing form of agricultural production, concerning whether it is individual or collective, distributed or cooperative; the second is the dynamic system, concerning two kinds of initiatives– the individual initiative of production and the collective initiative of production, which are the important factors for the operating system of agricultural production. The key points to mobilize and coordinate the initiatives to guarantee the normal operation and development of agricultural production. The mobilization and coordination of initiatives embody the achievements of agricultural development and the success of reform; the third is the state of human in the production. Marx said that human is the integration of all the social relationship and the essential nature of human is sociality. Human is the embodiment and creation of the relationship which includes the political relationship, economic relationship and social relationship. The political relationship is the concentrative embodiment of economy and the role assignment of human in the economic and social structure. The social relationship is also based on the economic relationship. Thus, the economic relationship is the core. So the economic structure, the operation of social economy not only restrict and condition the relationship, but also have great influence on the operation of social economy.The key problem is to mobilize and coordinate two kinds of initiatives. The cooperative movement before 1955 was successful and the production developed fast. The reason was that two initiatives were well dealt with. After that, the agricultural production went into low-increase period because the individual initiative of the peasant was ignored and underestimated and the system of people's commune characterized by large in size and collective in nature was implemented. The same problem was met in the rural reform after the reform and opening. Between 1979 and 1984, the agricultural production developed very fast and the productive potential accumulated during the period of people's commune system was released because a variety of production responsibility systems were implemented and two initiatives were well coordinated. But it was a pity that the rural reform was not carried on reasonably in a logical way. After 1984, the commune was separated from politics and the people's commune system disappeared from the history. And it was the same with commune, production team and the collective economy of production team. The household contract responsibility system in fact was changed into economy of the vast number of individual peasants. The collective economy has its significance only on the level of ownership. When the cooperative commune had lost its original ownership, it became one-legged. The terrible thing is that the change has caused two contradictions which were difficult to solve– one is the contradiction between the fragile economy of individual peasant and enormous market, the other is between the peasants and the municipality. The two kinds of contradictions are the overall root of social problems including the difficulty of the agricultural development, the overburden on the peasants and the three issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area.The problems are becoming more and more serious. The government had to try to take a series of measures to solve them. But the government only took the stopgap measures and did not treat them as a whole to solve them fundamentally because the government did not realize the root of the economic and social system and did not take measures to reform and improve them. The scholars in academia also deeply and widely researched the problems like the three issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area at all levels. But most of them did not deeply realize the system root of social structure, or confined themselves in the some special field and could not grasp problems as a whole to get a deeper understanding of it. Even some people went awry in the study of theory because of the influence of privatization trend of thought of western world. So it can not be avoided that the policies of government have been influenced by the narrow and incorrect views of research results to some extent.The fourth part of the thesis firstly summarizes briefly the important inspiration of the change of agricultural production culture in township and the experience and lessons in rural reform, analyzes the achievements and directions of academia for the solution of three issues of agriculture, famer and rural area and points out the success and shortage. Secondly, the three issues of agriculture, famer and rural area are explored from the political economy and find some macro-approaches to solving them fundamentally. Finally, the thesis points out that the fundamental solution to the three issues of agriculture, farmer and rural area is to mobilize the initiative of the individual peasant production and the initiative of collective production, strengthen and develop the collective economy and solve two contradictions restricting the development of rural economy and society. Thus, all the social problems will be solved neatly.The conclusion of the thesis gives the summary and points out that the fundamental approach is to reestablish the collective economy under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, and develop and strengthen the collective economy continuously.Here what should be specially stated is that some critical analyses are based on the responsibility for the development of our nation and for the people, and on the positivity and respect for the thought achievements of scholars and ideologists. It does not include any criticism to any individual. On the contrary, I cherish great acknowledgement and respect for the scholars and ideologists. And I could hardly have achieved any valuable discoveries without your precious achievements of researches, treasures of thought or powerful support of your broad backs.