To Create Modern New School In The Late Qing Dynasty

In the 19th century and the early 20th century, in Shanghai, the fame of Nanyang college not less parochial Anglo-Chinese College and Saint John's College. The research of Anglo-Chinese College found by Young John Allen and Saint John's College found by Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky,especially in the 1980s, gradually since China's reform and opening-up is on the increase. But, will Sheng Hsuan-huai and Nanyang college founder, Nanyang College relates in together, for serious academic research works but not saw. This paper tries to do research.Nanyang college, founded by Sheng Hsuan-huai, was a modern new school. Under the great supports of Sheng Hsuan-huai, the school opened a new school-running model,trained many outstanding talents, thus played a very important role in the transition of China's educational system from traditional type to modern one. By studying the relation between Sheng Hsuan-huai and the Nan Yang Public School, this paper will show a clear process of the establishement of the new school give a detailed introduction to both the problems Sheng met and the way of solving them during the process, then make a deep exploration of Sheng'understanding of talents and the great efforts he made to run a new school.This paper explores and explains the relation between Sheng Hsuan-huai and Nanyang college, and narriates and analyses the problems.Sheng met during school running and the methods to solve them. As the study of an individual case,this paper tries to find the difficulties existed in the transformation from traditional education to the modern one in the late Qing dynansty.The first chapter mainly introduces Sheng's planning about establishing the Nanyang college. As a protagonist of the westernization practice, Sheng knew more about the western science and technology and new ideas,and his understanding of talents was more realistic and practical. But as the main means of selecting talents, the imperial examination system deviated far from the needs of social development, making Sheng often sigh about the lack of talents in the westernization practice. The severe situation after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 made the Qing government change over to new ways, thus appeared a favorable atmosphere for establishing new schools. In 1895, with the support of Wang Wenshao, the governor of Hebei province, Sheng founded the Pei Yang Imperial University in Tianjin. The second year, after resigning from the post of principal in Pei Yang Imperial University, Sheng established the Nanyang College in Shanghai,aiming to educate political elites.The second chapter mainly introduces Sheng's arrangement of the expenses of the Nanyang College. The Qing government faced financial crisis and was short of money after the 1894 war. Sheng appropriated 2,000 grams silver each year for the expenses of the Nanyang College from the Merchants Steamship Company and the Telegraph Office both of which he was in charge of. Even though, the expenditures of the school did not have any full system guarantees. With Sheng's difficulties in the political world, the Nanyang College became so lacking in funds that it fell into the plight of closing down. Later,the school continued its development with the efforts of Sheng Hsuan-huai. Even after Sheng leaving the post of principal, he still continued to support the expenses of the school.The third chapter mainly introduces Sheng's appointment of Chinese and foreign leaders for the Nanyang College. The talents in the Nanyang College were not educated for the imperial examination, but to satisfy the needs of social development, so when Sheng chosen leaders for the school, practical use was taken into consideration. Sheng' view of talent, which was formed during his long practice of the westernization movement, that one should appoint people on their merits, was well developed and applied here. This chapter has chosen several representative figures of the Nanyang College to show an outline of Sheng's standards of choosing talents.The fourth chapter mainly tells Sheng's solution of the contradictions between the Chinese and foreign teachers in the Nanyang College. In the late Qing Dynasty, the door of China was opened and western learning was spreaded to the east. On the issue of how to deal with the relationship between Chinese learning and weatern learning, the government and the public formed a common sense of'"Chinese essence and western means". However, at that period when the tradition of worshipping Confucianism was still prosperous, the Chinese learning still possessed an unbeatable role. In the Nanyang College, Sheng acted as an mediator when the Chinese and foreign teachers had some contradictions and frictions with each other on the relationship between Chinese learning and western learning.The fifth chapter mainly describes the school-running model Sheng set up for the Nanyang College.At the beginning of the establishment, the new-style teachers were in great shortage, so the normal school was first founded to recruit normal students, mainly aiming to train teachers for the future development of the public school. Soon Sheng established the primary school, following the middle school and imperial university to develop as a school-running model. When discovering the imperial university not qualified, Sheng selected students to study abroad without hesitation and continued doing this later, training a group of outstanding talents for the country.The sixth chapter tells that Sheng established the school of translation,Te Ban and business school in the Nanyang College. Sheng established the school of translation,in one hand to translate textbooks, on the other to translate some western books, making contributions to enlighten people's mind and transmit culture; he founded the Te Ban,with the main aim of training political elites;he also established the business school to adapt to the economic development, cultivating a group of business talents. All the established systems mentioned above have some initiative meanings, although some of them were interrupted and did not become the conventional systems of Nanyang College.Sheng Hsuan-huai not strictly educator, but started the new-type schools, and use its hands of political resources and financial control ability, for the public queries, avoid the fate of the new schools midway failed. Because of Sheng Hsuan-huai persist, just make running public treated constantly, become today's Xian jiaotong university and Shanghai jiaotong university two key university. And in Sheng Hsuan-huai founded and handling Nanyang College process encountered many difficulties and problems of the late qing dynasty, can help us to understand the traditional education to modern education transformation of the abstruse degree.