U.s. Civilian Political Tendency To Strengthen Presidential Control Strategy

In 1883, Pendleton Act is issued, which establish the civil servant system of U.S. Pendleton Act, for the first time in the history of U.S., put forward the principle of "political neutrality" for civil servant, which provides legal basis for civil servant. As the U.S. stepped into Industrial Age, the capitalist productive forces enjoyed tremendous development, which put forward more requirements for administrative functions of government. The U.S. federation and local administrative bodies had their employers greatly increased and had their power expanded with few control due to their own advantages and system protection. Career civil servant is no longer simply to implement the policy, but more and more involved in the formulation of laws and policies in the past, which impacted the U.S. constitutional system and the entire political system greatly. Therefore, the politicization of the civil servant turns to be a prominent phenomenon of the 20th century U.S. political system. I study the phenomenon by the use of history and political science of combining research methods, and analyze the control strategy to the politicization trend of US civil servant by studying the manifestation and cause of the politicization trend of US civil servant. Research on this issue is significant to the study of US history, especially the history of US political system, and to China's administrative system reform research and practice. My thesis is formed by four chapters.Chapter One focuses on the principle of political neutrality of US civil servant and the power expansion of US federal government. Political patronage system results in the partition of federal government official positions by different parties, and in the low quality of civil servant, which seriously affect the management and work efficiency of the government. In 1883, the issue of Pendleton Act established the civil servant system of US. The Pendleton Act put the appointment of officials on the base of merit system, and put forward the principle of political neutrality, which get rid of the political and party control for the civil servants. With the U.S. economic and social development, the federal government expanded its executive power and the civil servants of US turn to be an independent administrative force.Chapter Two studies the manifestations of the political tendency of US civil servant. The US civil servants directly involved in the formulation of civil servant laws and policies. Many legal rules and regulations of Congress as well as the president's legislative agenda are drafted by the administrative agency or the civil servant. Think-tank plays an important role in legislative decision-making. The US civil servants, with their own advantage, actively participate in policy decision-making autonomy, implement the federal government's policies and laws, and form the"iron triangle"with Congress and interest groups to affect the major decisions of government. "Patronage system" was favored by US presidents and gradually replaced "Merit System."Chapter Three analyze the cause for the political tendency of US civil servant being strengthened. In reality, politics and administration forms a continuous process, which gives no room for anyone to make a clear delineation. It is difficult to determine where to end the political decision-making and where to start the Chief Executive. The separation of powers in US gives political conditions for the civil servant political tendency. U.S. civil servant system guarantees the civil servant political tendency. The US civil servant professionalism and high knowledge level is the technical advantage of the political tendency. The U.S. federal government power is to tilt to the executive branch.Chapter Four focuses on the control strategy of the US political tendency. By reorganizing administrative bodies, increasing or decreasing the executive branch powers and functions, reforming federal public agencies by new personnel rules, controlling federal employees to a higher extent, and by involving in the budget process, civil servant plays the most important role in coordinating the governmental actions in different fields and enhancing the operational efficiency of government, and finally control the executive branch of the government.