Production: Institutional Arrangement And Population Shortage Or Surplus

Some foundmental institutions existing in human history effect the number of social poplation.and determined wether the population is optimal to the given resourse endows and technology level.The important ones of these foundmental institutions in tradional agriculture society are self-employment system,tenancy system and employment system.In the self-employment system and employment system,since the additional population don’t bring family or lander any new land,there is no externality in the production of population,and the social total population resulting from the rational decision of each single family reachs to the social optimal level.However,in the tenancy system,a new person always can bring family a new pices of land,the production of population has externality and there is surplus population when the rate of rent can not represent the rate of contribution of land to output,particularly when the fomner less than the latter.Applying the theory to explanation of demographic translation since the morden time,we find the progress of technology,rise of employment system and development of market economy all contribute to the decline of population growth rate since1990th.By examining the history,we are sure of that the rent in agricultural society determined by custom always less than the rate of contribution of land to output.Hence,there may be universal surplus population in the agricultural society,which can gives a micro-interpretation of surplus labors.Using the theoretic frame,we analyze and evaluate the population policy of China, and interpretate the nature of the policy and the role of institution change and market economy in the Chinese translation of populaiton..We also remind pepole to pay more attention to another poblem that is population’s "equality"surplus.