A Study Of Political Groups And Main Activities Of Mongolian Nobles In Beijing In The Late Ch’ing Dynasty

The world’s major capitalist countries had established the operation mode of party politics in the19th century. Modern China under the internal and external crisis, the insightful people found The Road of enriching the country and strengthening military from the West. In the beginning, they introduced the advanced science and technology, after learned the political and social system. By advocating of Factions of Restoration and Revolution, the concept of political parties entered China and there had been all kinds of "Hu"(Association),"She"(Society). All of these had effect on Mongolian nobles in Beijing.Modern Mongolian society had fully declined. Open-minded, knowledgeable Mongolian princes deeply felt the backwardness of Mongolian social, and took measures for revitalization of Mongolia, but not more achievements for a variety of reasons. Reforms in Late Ch’ing also failed to go deeply into the Mongolian banners, so had little effect on the traditional Mongolian society.Assisting implementation of the New Policy in Mongolia is the original purpose of the political groups that Mongolian nobles in Beijing organized. In April1909, the Mongolian prince Nayantu sponsored and organized Mengzheng Xiezhu Hui (Assist Mongolian policies Association), jointly studied reforms of Mongolia. But this Association eventually could not be established because of the major princes in Beijing were not positive. In the case of Japan and Russia further penetrated to Mongolia, Kharachin prince Giingsangnorbu sponsored and organized Baomeng Hui (Association for Protecting Mongolia), and got the commendation of cognate nobility and Minister. The purpose of Association was Protecting Mongolia that by assisting the government actively promoted the New Policy of Mongolia and reach Mongolia’s "self-reliance"". September1911, Prince Shanch’i, the Minister of Lifan Bu (Ministry of Dependencies), started expansion plan of Baomeng Hui that would also be responsible for affairs of Tibet. But due to the outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising, Baomeng Hui’s expansion plan was discontinued.The North-South peace talks began shortly after the Wuchang Uprising outbreak. Mongolian nobles in Beijing established Federation of Mongolian dukes and princes, its purpose are "open Mongolian atmosphere, improve politics, save the right, contact all, concord with each other’", and sent the Mongolia’s voice to the parties of peace talks. Also took various actions for the future of Mongolia, such as:negotiated with parties of peace talks, opposed Republican, sent troops rescued monarch and claimed to sever relations with China. The final result, the Federation of Mongolian dukes and princes was in favor of the Republic and the Ch’ing emperor issued preferential treatment terms when he abdicated, including the Treatment terms for all ethnic groups of Manchu Mongol Hui Tibet.