| Water is the most basic survival conditions for human and access to safe drinking water is the basic need for human.It is not only important for the sustainable development of social economy and culture,but also a matter of people’s physical, mental health and normal life. China is not only a water scarcity country, is also an agricultural country. Regional economic and social development is not balanced,accessibility to drinking water has great differences in urban, rural areas and regions, the problem of unsafe drinking water in rural areas are still outstanding. According to statistics,Tap water coverage in urban areas was up 25.6 percent in rural areas On 2013, where rural water penetration highest in Shanghai (100%) and the lowest in Shanxi (40.2%) differ by 59.8 percentage points. Up to 2014 about 100 million rural population exist drinking water safety issue.This is not only conducive to the overall development of the rural economy and society, but also serious harm to the health of farmers.Firstly,I carded the research status about the influence factors of availability to safe drinking water, analyzed the present situation of availability of safe drinking water in rural areas in China.Then I summarized the course of government to improve rural drinking water safety over the years. At last,i used 2011 and 2013 Panel data of Chinese Health and Retirement Survey (CHARLS) including 28 provinces and 450 villages to establish a logit model to analyze how family income,location and other factors effect household availability to safe drinking water in rural,as well as how the various factors effect the availability of safe drinking water in different income levels,regions and nation policies. And putting forward policy suggestions to help the government to improve rural drinking water safety problems.The main results show that:(1) Household income, household area, the gender of the household head, household head education, family housing area, family size, indoor cleanliness level,the convenient level of the transportation in the village, village terrain and the national policy about water reform have a certain impact on the availability to safe drinking water. But the head of household’s age, the structure of family members do not have a significant impact on the availability to safe drinking water.(2) For the whole rural area,Farmer family income and regional variables as the key independent variables have a positive impact on improving farmers’safe drinking water availability, and significant at the 1% level. The average annual income of rural households increased by 1% ,safe drinking water availability would be increased accordingly by 11.9%. And the availability of safe drinking water in the eastern is more than 1.7 times higher than the middle and western regions.In addition,the availability to safe drinking water in female-headed households are more than 14.7% higher than men and it is significant at the 10% level;and the improvement of the head of the household education degree can significantly improve availability to safe drinking water in rural areas,family availability of safe drinking water which the head with high school or above degree is 37.2% higher than the family which the head do not has a high school degree;family housing area increased by 1%, family’s availability to safe drinking water will increase 66 percent.At the aspect of health habits of residents, the more clean indoor, the higher availability to safe drinking water;the relationship between the type of road and household availability of safe drinking water is significant at the 1% level,farmers in the villages where is paved asphalt or gravel have higher availability to safe drinking water than dirt road.For village terrain,residents who live in the plains,plateaus and mountain regions have higher availability to safe drinking water than basin and hill.(3) Further studies have shown that the factors have different impact on availability to safe drinking water under the different income levels.For the low-income group, there is a significant positive correlation between the head of the household education degree and availability of safe drinking water,but this phenomenon did not significantly reflected in the middle-income group and the high-income group. And in the high-income group,the level of indoor cleanliness has a significant positive correlation on the availability to safe drinking water, but in the low-income group,the impact is not significant.Moreover, in low-income group, village terrain better affect the availability to safe drinking water than high-income group;in rural areas, the distance to the farmer’s market and the availability to safe drinking water is not relevant,but in middle-income families, reduce the distance to the farmer’s market can improve the availability to safe drinking water.(4) In different regions, the impact of various factors on the availability to safe drinking water are different. For family size,it has no significant relationship with availability to safe drinking water.But in different areas, it has a certain influence on safe drinking water availability.In the middle and west regions, reduce housing size can improve the availability to safe drinking water, but the phenomenon does not appear in the East;in eastern and western regions, the average annual income of rural households have a significant positive correlation with the availability to safe drinking water,but this phenomenon did not occur in the middle region;for the rural residents in the middle region,there is a significant positive correlation between the head of the household education degree and availability of safe drinking water,but this phenomenon did not significantly reflected in the eastern and western regions.(5) Participating in water policy reform can improve the availability to safe drinking water, and it is significant at the 1% level. Moreover, in rural families who participate in water reform, the relationship between educational level,clean indoor level-headed households and the availability to safe drinking water becomes more apparent. |
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