| Ganoderma lucidum is called "xiancao" in traditional Chinese medicine and has important medicinal research value.G.lucidum spore oil is one of the main products of G.lucidum series.It concentrates a variety of effective active ingredients such as G.lucidum triterpenoids(GLTs),unsaturated fatty acids,organic germanium and G.lucidum sterols in the protoplasm of G.lucidum spores,which plays a significant role in immune regulation.On the one hand,an abundance of the GLTs is one of the main reasons for the efficacy of G.lucidum spore oil.This study described 83 GLTs that have been extensively studied and provided the specific structural information of the 83 compounds.Furthermore,we analyzed and summarized 7 ganoderic acids(ganoderic acids A,C2,D,F,DM,X and Y)which are currently in different research stages.The related pharmacodynamic mechanisms and targeted signalling proteins were analysed.The specific relationship between autophagy and apoptosis induced by ganoderic acid DM is summarized here for the first time,which provided a reference for the research of GLTs in disease prevention and treatment.On the other hand,G.lucidum spore oil is easily rancid by the effects of oxygen,light,enzymes and metal ions in the air,which greatly reduces the storage time and efficacy of G.lucidum spore oil.G.lucidum spore oil is precious and rare.In order to improve its oxidative stability,the following four aspects of experimental research were conducted with G.lucidum spore oil as the research object:1.Extraction of G.lucidum spore oil and its quality evaluation.This study optimized the extraction process of G.lucidum spore oil by single factor experiment and response surface method,and finally got the optimal extraction process.Namely,using petroleum ether as solvent extraction,solid-liquid ratio of 9/50(g:mL),extraction time is 2.5 hours and the temperature is 46?;With ursolic acid as the control,the average content of total GLTs in G.lucidum spore oil determined by Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry is 1.02%.The quality evaluation results showed that the acid value of the G.lucidum spore oil was 1.71 mg/g,and the conductivity was 10.24 ?S/cm."GB 2716-2005 Hygienic Standard for Edible Oils" stipulates that the acid value of edible oil is ?4mg/g,and the conductivity is less than 18?S/cm,the edible oils can be judged as qualified.Therefore,the G.lucidum spore oil extracted comply with relevant national quality standards.Furthermore,GC/MS analysis method was used to determine the content of five fatty acids in G.lucidum spore oil.The results showed that the highest content is unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid(56.22%).The content of ergosterol in G.lucidum spore oil is 0.148 mg/g measured by HPLC.The DPPH method pre-judges the antioxidant properties of G.lucidum spore oil itself.Compared with the other 7 kind of commonly used cooking oils(camellia oil,sesame oil,olive oil,soybean oil,corn oil,peanut oil,and rapeseed oil),the experimental results showed that the antioxidant activity of G.lucidum spore oil needs to be further improved.2.Synthesis of a novel lipid antioxidant hydroxytyrosol thiodipropionate ester.Using hydroxytyrosol and thiodipropionic acid as raw materials,the target compound was obtained through esterification reaction.The final reaction route was determined by the single-factor experiment,that is,the ratio of hydroxytyrosol and thiodipropionic acid is 2.3:1,acetonitrile was used as a reaction solvent,EDC was used as a catalyst,and ultrasonic was performed under the protection of nitrogen.Furthermore,1H-NMR and 13C-NMR were used to confirm the structure of hydroxytyrosol thiodipropionate ester.The antioxidant evaluation experiment results showed that the scavenging rate of DPPH radicals by antioxidants was dose dependent.3.Study on stability improvement of G.lucidum spore oil.Hydroxytyr-osol thiodipropionate ester was applied to the G.lucidum spore oil,and the oxidative stability of the G.lucidum spore oil added with an antioxidant was evaluated.ABTS free radical scavenging experiments showed that when hydroxytyrosol thiodipropionate ester was initially added at a concentration?0.4 mg/mL,the G.lucidum spore oil had the highest scavenging rate for ABTS free radicals.Using TBHQ as the control,Further experiments were performed to evaluate the accelerated stability and long-term stability of G.lucidum spore oil with antioxidants(The samples were stored for 30 days under normal temperature/light,normal temperature/darkness,60?/light and 60?/darkness,respectively).The results of accelerated stability experiments showed that the addition of hydroxytyrosol thiodipropionate ester increased the OSI value of G.lucidum spore oil from 1.63h to 7.1h,which significantly improved the stability of G.lucidum spore oil.The long-term stability experiment results showed that,on the one hand,the addition of hydroxytyrosol thiodipropionate ester reduced the PV value of G.lucidum spore oil under all storage conditions,and its effect remained basically stable for the first 15 days;On the other hand,the studies found that at 60?,the addition of hydroxytyrosol thiodipropionate ester made the AV value of G.lucidum spore oil always lower than that of G.lucidum spore oil without antioxidants,and its stability was better than that of TBHQ groups.4.Process design of G.lucidum spore oil soft capsule workshop.Taking the production process of G.lucidum spore oil soft capsule as the core,the material selection of the production sections such as supercritical CO2 extraction,gelatinizing,pelletizing,pellet washing and drying are used to determine the selection of relevant production equipments.Based on the basic calculation datas and market researches,the layout and design of the G.lucidum spore oil soft capsule preparation workshop was arranged and preliminary engineering drawings were drawn. |
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