Study On German Architects And Their Professional Practices In Modern Qingdao(1897-1914)

Modern China is a time when eastern and western cultures constantly collide and blend.The history of modern Chinese architecture is deeply influenced by foreign cultures,especially foreign architects.Between 1897 and 1914,at least 96 German architects came to China.Although they are subjective "accomplice" of Germany's colonialism,but also objectively promotes the modernization of China's construction and operation mechanism,promote the generation of professional architects and accelerate the process of westernization in the related organization structure,industry standards and legal norms,give us a lot of western modern architecture knowledge and cultivate a number of modern talents.For Qingdao,German architects are the first group of foreign architects to come to Qingdao.With a large number of architects and a large number of practical achievements,they have a profound influence on the history of modern architecture in Qingdao.This paper takes the group of German architects in Qingdao in modern times as the research object,being divided into six chapters.The first chapter is the introduction.The second chapter analyzes the construction activities of this group in modern Qingdao under the background of architectural thoughts and architectural laws at the turn of the century.The third chapter analyzes the scale,number,composition and ways of the group,and sorts out the activity track and stage characteristics of the modern German architects in Qingdao.In chapter four,on the basis of field investigation and through case analysis and statistics,architects are classified into five categories according to their work attributes,namely military architects,government architects,private architects,architectural institutions and non-professional architects,respectively summarizing their practice activities.The fifth chapter analyzes the contribution and influence of modern German architects to the urban construction and social development of Qingdao from three aspects: architectural style,architectural technology and architectural talent training.The sixth chapter is the conclusion,which summarizes the whole research content and prospects the follow-up research,and emphasizes the significance of foreign architects and their practice to the history of modern Chinese architecture.The innovation and main achievement of this paper is the first comprehensive analysis of the whole group of German architects in modern Qingdao on the basis of predecessors' work,describing the relatively clear outline and detailed development process of this group.With the architect as the clue,the production operation mechanism and main professional practice achievements of German architectural activities in modern Qingdao are clarified.Relying on the development of modern science and technology and making full use of resources such as database,some new historical materials have been discovered.Changing traditional research from the angle of city or construction of Chinese modern architectural history research method,this paper takes the architect as the breakthrough point,figures out the influence of German architects on the modern urban construction and social development of Qingdao.What's more,the significance of western architects to the development of Chinese modern architectural history can be explored,which would provide referential historical and cultural heritage to the study of modern Chinese history.