| Historically,a great number of humanitarians have treated the humanitarian issues in different approaches;however,they all converged to one same logic,i.e.“Originally,human nature was perfect,but it was alienated later and human nature is lost;therefore,human nature needs to be emancipated and recovered.”Therefore,in the entire socialist camp of Eastern Asia,great importance is being attached to New Marxism,and it is granted a new and profound connotation that is different from the orthodox Marxism with the “Stalinism” of the former Soviet Union as a representative-mutual theoretical characteristics and value pursue-active advocacy criticism theories of the socialist humanitarian and the sublation and reflections of the existing socialist alienation phenomena.Then,as an important philosopher,thinker,politician and social activist of New Marxism who is renowned in Poland and even the Eastern Europe,based on a multitude of problems and the realistic dilemmas in such existent human aspects as human survival,position alienation,freedom,emancipation and development,he conducted severe criticism and profound reflections on the various malpractices and negative parts in the Soviet Union's “Stalinism”;This in turn prompted Schaff to retrospectively and resolutely stand on the Marxist ideological and theoretical standpoint,decisively transforming from orthodox Marxists represented by "Stalinism" towards the historic transformation of new Marxists in Eastern Europe.While criticizing Sartre's existentialism,he gave a concept of socialist humanitarianism.Therefore,Schaff's socialist humanitarian ideological theory system before us is based on the core of human beings,the theme of criticism and reflection of alienation,the fundamental struggle between the capitalist system and the socialist system,and outlines the vision of the new socialist vision for the future and writes new historical evolution and chapters for the humanitarian ideology of Marxism.This article mainly discusses Schaff's humanitarian thought through four aspects,namely,the origin,development history,concrete content and characteristics of Schaff's thought from the perspective of macro system,and the humanitarian thought of Schaff and give an analysis of the Historical Limitations of Schaff's Humanitarianism.First of all,As the inheritor and communicator of far-reaching Marxist theories in Eastern Europe and even in the world,Schaff's humanitarian ideology and theory originated from the position of Schaff in Eastern Europe in Poland,geopolitical and historical and cultural traditions,the influence of young Marx's humanism,Western humanism Marxism and Eastern European New Marxism on their ideology.And because Schaff's understanding of Marx's thought and Marx's humanitarian thought is consistent with the Western humanistic Marxist thought and the understanding of the Eastern European New Marxists to some extent.Therefore,through the humanism of young Marxism,Western humanism Marxism,and Eastern New Marxism,this article expounds the influence of Schaff's humanitarian ideology,and derives the source of its humanitarian ideology development from theoretical sources,for an objective and detailed knowing and understanding of why Schaff stood firm on the stand of Marxism to speak of the“socialist humanitarianism”.Secondly,giving a historic account of Schaff's development of the humanitarian ideology is to objectively and accurately know and understand an important historical transformation and socialist development that occurred during the development of Schaff's ideology—show the vision of future socialism through the transformation of Marxism to "humanistic socialism" and Schaff's perspective.In Schaff's view,Marx's theory of humanity was gradually formed and developed on the basis of inheriting and criticizing predecessors' "human theory".Humanism is the main form of Marx's previous ideological theory about human beings.Marx's humanistic theory also originated from this.Therefore,the Eastern European ideological community reentered Marxism itself and rethought the "Stalinism",which enabled the rise of Western Marxism in Eastern Europe,thus giving Schaff's humanitarian Marxist thoughts and making a historical and realistic vision for the future development of socialism.Thirdly,the description of the content and characteristics of Schaff's humanitarian ideology is an important manifestation of this article and the concentrated reflection of related issues.That is,through the first two issues,sort out the origin and historical development of Schaff's humanitarian ideology and the content and characteristics of humanitarian thinking objectively.In humanitarian thinking,Schaff criticizes Sartre's existentialist trends of thought that people are isolated from social relations.He believes that the existentialism of this view is constantly oriented toward subjectivism,negates materialism,and is even more rationalized with historical materialism.It seems that Sartre intends to make up Marxism through existentialism and keep moving closer to Marxism,but in fact gradually drifting away.Therefore,Schaff clearly stated that the modern manifestation of Marxist human philosophy is "Socialist humanitarianism." Its fundamental goal is to make people live better,to eliminate the root causes of ordinary pain,to create as much as possible the social conditions for the realization of human happiness;and the human individual is the core content of Marxist humanitarianism;and to the capitalist social system to make people Criticism of comprehensive alienation explains Schaff's socialist humanitarianism.At the same time,Schaff's definition of Marxist humanism ideology,namely,realistic humanitarianism,autonomous humanitarianism,fighting humanitarianism,and optimism humanitarianism,further highlights the historical and practical nature of Marxism and strong vitality.In the end,it is an assessment of the historical limitation of Schaff's humanitarian thinking,which enables us to view Schaff's humanitarian ideas more objectively and realistically,and rethinking the limitations and deficiencies in Schaff's humanitarian thinking from the perspective of historical materialism.Schaff's humanitarian ideology takes the concept of human individual as the core,and gives a severe critique of the general alienation phenomenon of capitalism,thus firmly standing in the position of Marxist ideology and theory.But we must also see some limitations and deficiencies in Schaff's humanitarian thinking,especially when“human beings are the starting point of Marxism”and it is concluded that the“alienation”phenomenon will also exist for a long time in countries including socialist countries and the“fighting humanitarianism”has historical limitations.Such conclusion are necessary to discuss,criticize and reflect on. |
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