| Over the past years,psychological and clinical research into the field of mindfulness has flourished.The salient benefits of mindfulness interventions such as Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for a broad array of outcomes,ranging from mental and physical health outcomes to psychopathological symptoms and behavior disorder symptoms,have been documented.Mindfulness is a multi-dimentional concept which can refer to a kind of mediation practice,a particular conscious state,a psychological process,a personality trait or a kind of capability.Mindfulness can be conceptualized as the awareness resulting from paying attention in a particular way:on purpose,in the present moment,and without judgment.Mindfulness capability refers to the ability of keeping present-focused awareness and non-judgmental attitude.A substantial body of empirical research has confirmed that mindfulness could benefit physical health,cognitive and affective outcomes,behavioral problems,mental health and interpersonal adaption.Researchers have noted that it is of great importance to explore the related factors and predicting factors of mindfulness considering its salient positive benefits.The individual difference in mindfulness can be regarded as the interacting result of mindfulness practice,dispositional and environmental factors.Prior research has investigated the influencing factors of mindfulness from attachment types,early life experiences,physical conditions and intervention training.However,few studies have addressed the issue from the perspective of ecological techno-subsystem,and the effect of smartphone use on mindfulness,particularly,has not been tested directly.As an excellent carrier of mobile Internet technology,mobile phones can realize multiple functions for interpersonal connection,self presentation,entertainment and shopping.Statistics indicate that the number of mobile Internet users amounted to 753 million by the end of December,2017.With the prevalence of mobile phones,repetitive and compulsive mobile phone use(i.e.,mobile phone addiction)has become a major public concern.Overuse of mobile phones has been found to be associated with a number of problems,including reduced mental and physical health,and poor psychological and social adaption.The present research tested the effect of mobile phone addiction on mindfulness,which fills up existing research about the influencing factors of mindfulness and extends prior studies about the impacts of mobile phone addiction.In addition,with an integration of the two-factor mindfulness and the reperceiving model of mindfulness,the stress-reactive model of rumination,the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions and the cognitive overload model,this study constructed a multiple mediation model to test the unique and chain mediating effects of rumination,negative affect and attentional control in the relation between mobile phone addiction and mindfulness.Moreover,this study distinguished different dimensions of mindfulness capability(i.e.,describing,acting with awareness,and non-judging),which helps to reveal the impact of mobile phone addiction on different mindfulness capabilities,and the ways in which it impacts.1,040 students from two universities in China filled out a battery of questionnaires measuring mobile phone addiction,rumination,negative affect,attentional control and mindfulness.Data were collected and analyzed with SPSS 23.0.In addition,SPSS PROCESS written by Hayes was used to test the constructed model including multiple mediators.The results showed that:(1)Mobile phone addiction was positively associated with rumination and negative affect,and negatively associated with attentional control and mindfulness capability as well as its three dimensions,namely describing,acting with awareness and non-judging;rumination was positively related to negative affect,and negatively associated with attentional control and mindfulness capability as well as acting with awareness and non-judging,but the association between rumination and describing was non-significant;negative affect was negatively associated with attentional control and mindfulness capability as well as its three dimensions;attentional control was positively associated with mindfulness capability as well as its three dimensions.(2)Mobile phone addiction could negatively predict mindfulness not only directly but through the mediation roles of rumination,negative affect and attentional control,respectively;and through the chain mediation roles of rumination?attentional control,negative affect?attentional control,rumination?negative affect and rumination?negative affect?attentional control,respectively.(3)Mobile phone addiction could negatively predict describing through the unique mediation roles of negative affect and attentional control respectively,and through the chain mediation roles of rumination?attentional control,negative affect?attentional control,rumination ?negative affect and rumination?negative affect?attentional control,respectively.(4)Mobile phone addiction could negatively predict acting with awareness not only directly but through the mediation roles of rumination,negative affect and attentional control,respectively;and through the chain mediation roles of rumination?attentional control,negative affect?attentional control,rumination?negative affect and rumination?negative affect?attentional control,respectively.(5)Mobile phone addiction could negatively predict non-judging not only directly but through the mediation roles of rumination,negative affect and attentional control,respectively,and through the chain mediation roles of rumination?attentional control,negative affect?attentional control,rumination?negative affect and rumination?negative affect?attentional control,respectively.Furthermore,we elaborated the theoretical and practical implications of the present research,and discussed the limitation of this study and put forward the future directions. |
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