| Since the 1990 s,the study of independence has been an important research topic in developmental psychology,especially in children's psychology.Preschool period is a crucial period in the formation of independence.Independence is rich in content.On the one hand,it refers to the ability to make decisions and implement decisions.On the other hand,it refers to the ability to adjust one's own behavior.Specifically,independence includes three dimensions of self-reliance,self-control,and self-assertion.Previous studies have focused on the nature of independence and dissected the structure and characteristics of independence.There are also researches to study the development of children's independence from a family perspective.However,the studies are rarely studied from the two dimensions of children and families.Among the various influencing factors of independence,children's own temperament type and family environment play an important role in the formation and development of independence.This research is aimed at exploring the influence of 3-6 year-old children's temperament type and family environment on independence.Through literature methods,questionnaires and interviews,this research is in order to provide some empirical evidence for related fields and enrich the theory of children's independence.In addition,this research provides scientific basis and guidance for family to develop children's independence.In this study,a questionnaire survey was conducted among parents of 422 children from different levels of kindergartens in Shanghai.Parents completed three questionnaires,including the Children's Independence Questionnaire,Parent Temperament Questionnaire(NYLS)and Family Environment Scale(FES-CV).Statistical analysis is carried out on the basis of data collection and in-depth interviews with 9 child parents.The major findings of this study shows following:(1)Children's independence scored the highest in the self-control dimension,followed by the self-assertion dimension and the self-reliance dimension.As children grow older,their independence develops better.The independence of girls is significantly better than that of boys.Whether or not there are brothers and sisters has no significant effect on the independence of children.Children under parental care are more independent than children under the care of their grandparents.The remaining demographic variables have no significant effect on the independence of children.Children from Secondary kindergartens have the lowest degree of independence in whole and three dimensions.(2)There are significant differences in the independence of children of different temperament types.Children who are difficult to raise are at the lowest level of independence.The slow-to-warm-up children are in the middle level of independence.Children who are easy to raise show good performance in independence.(3)Children's independence were significantly positively correlated with the Cohesion,Organization and Active-Recreational Orientation in family environment.However,Conflict was significantly negatively correlated with child independence.Among them,Active-Recreational Orientation and self-reliance are the most relevant.Cohesion is most relevant to self-control.Organization and self-assertion are the most relevant.(4)There are significant differences in the family environment of children of different temperament types.Temperament and family environment interacts,both of which regulate children's independence.Combined with the above research conclusions,this study proposes from multiple perspectives:1.Emphasis on cultivating children's independence.2.Raise children by parents as far as possible,ensuring education consistency.3.Understand children's temperament characteristics,teach them in accordance with their aptitude.4.Create a good family environment. |
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