From Selective Two-child Policy To Universal Two-child Policy:the Significance,Status,Problems And Countermeasures Of The Adjusting Of Population Policy

Population fertility policy is an important factor affecting population development.The population of our country is going through the process of population aging.The population structure problem is prominent,which is not conducive to the long-term balanced development of the population,nor to the coordinated development of population and economy.After the implementation of the trict family planning policy in early 1980s.The fertility declined rapidly,which has been maintained below replacement levels for a long time,is one of the reasons for the current demographic problems.The one-child policy of "governing one-generation" is also coming out of history.Raising the fertility rate is a way to solve the population problem.The first step to raise the fertility rate is to break the policy limit of having one child.In 2013,China introduced a policy allowing couples to have a second child if one parent is an only child,but the number of applications for re-birth of couples of childbearing was lower than expected,and the fertility level did not increase significantly.Two years later,the state adjusted its fertility policy in a timely manner.The universal two-child policy has been in place,with births increasing since 2016,but the one-child fertility rate has continued to decline.The adjustment of fertility policy also brings about the reproductive risk of the elderly pregnant women,deepens the problem of employment discrimination and professional development of women,and exposes the problem that the first-child fertility rate continues to decline and the overall fertility level is weak.The adjustment of fertility policy makes the scale of elderly pregnant women expand,reproductive risk increases,and medical resources are tight.It is necessary for the government to strengthen the establishment of emergency diagnosis and treatment institutions for pregnant women and newborns,to perfect the relevant system and to train obstetrical and pediatric personnel.The hospital strengthens the management,fully utilizes the existing hardware resources and the human resources,improves the diagnosis and treatment level and the service level,reduces the maternal and newborn health risk.At the same time,pregnant women also need to prepare for pregnancy scientifically to prevent the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes.The higher proportion of women in the target group of the universal two-child policy is restricted by their own physical conditions and professional development,and the possibility of interrupting their occupation increases,resulting in a decrease in the female labor force participation rate.At the same time,the adjustment of fertility policy increases the possibility of women having two children,so employers have more worries about the career development of female job seekers.This aggravates the existing discrimination of female employment.To solve the problem that women affect their work because of childbearing,and to protect women's reproductive and employment rights,we can reduce the proportion of women interrupting their jobs by perfecting the birth insurance system and developing care services and relieve the worries about childbearing.To solve the problem of female employment discrimination,we need to overcome the occupational segregation and protect women's employment rights and interests according to law.After the adjustment of fertility policy,the fertility of the second child increased,but the fertility rate of the first child continued to decline.When the cumulative fertility potential is released within a few years after the policy adjustment,the fertility level will continue to decline.This is the result of a decrease in the childbearing desire of the younger generation.The utility of children is reduced and the cost of parenting is increased.It is necessary to start from the cost of reducing the family's children,draw on the foreign experience,and build the new age of fertility culture in combination with the traditional values,and encourage the birth of the family.We should speed up the coordinated convergence of economic and social policies and the universal two-child policy,improve family development support policies and reduce the burden of family childcare.