Zhang Jian And The Rise Of Tongzhou Normal School (1902-1938)

Tongzhou Normal School occupied an important historical position in the history of the reform of normal education in China.In this paper,the rise of Tongzhou Normal School is own research object.It will focus on Zhang Jian's actual contribution and influence in the mode and management of general teachers,curriculum and teaching settings,teachers and student groups,etc.The first chapter of the text combs the historical changes of Tongzhou Normal School vertically.Taking the change of the name of Tongzhou Normal School as the node of three periods,it briefly describes Zhangjian's leading role in the process of the construction of Tongzhou Normal School.From Chapter 2 to Chapter 4,a special discussion is carried out,which mainly includes three aspects:Firstly,starting from the school-running mode and management system,and aiming at the construction of school style,Zhang Jian personally drafted the school-running charter,which laid the tone of school style of "hard and self-reliant,faithful and non-deceptive",and the school-running concept of the general teachers also adjusted accordingly with the changes of the times.Zhang Jian solved the problem of running a school through self-financing and other channels,enabled the school administration to be carried out in an orderly manner,adjusted and reformed on the basis of the previous teacher's teaching methods,and set up the school board to undertake the actual operation of the school.Secondly,it focuses on the curriculum and teaching reform of Tongzhou Normal School.In terms of curriculum,in the early stage of curriculum setting,it imitates Japan to regulate and train normal students.After experiencing adaptation and adjustment,Tongzhou Normal School had created two characteristic courses: educational practice and sports game,which pay attention to the timeliness of learning and have distinct epochal and progressive characteristics.In terms of teaching,Zhang Jian summed up the "self-satisfied" teaching method to adapt to the independent development of normal students through the sublation of traditional teaching methods,and Mr.Kimura initiated the evaluation of teaching practice and created a unique teaching evaluation system for general teachers.Thirdly,it mainly studies the teachers and students of general teachers.Whether the prehired famous Japanese teachers or the self-cultivation scheme formed by self-exploration in the later stage are premised on the establishment of excellent teachers' groups;in order to ensure the quality of students,Zhang Jian formulated the mechanism of students' selection and assessment,which improved the quality of personnel training.Through the study of the rise of Zhangjian and Tongzhou Normal School,not only deepened Zhangjian's understanding of the reform of normal education in Tongzhou Normal School and even in China,but also gained the specific characteristics and experience of Tongzhou Normal School.These fresh ideas,characteristics and experiences of running a school still have certain historical significance for the reform of normal education with Chinese characteristics.