| As the most common manifestation in the geographical field,rural settlements are the carrier of rural environment and cultural information,the core of human-land relationship,the spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of rural settlements can deeply reflect the location tendency and comprehensive effect of social economy and natural environment of regional settlements.On the background of the rural revitalization strategy,whether it is to analyze the spatial distribution and morphological evolution of regional rural settlements,or to identify the influencing factors of rural settlement spatial characteristics,or targeted the spatial optimization method suitable for the development trend of rural settlements,all need to systematically understand the distribution and development of regional rural settlements.Fractal theory,as a powerful tool for interpreting complex systems,is relatively lacking in the application of comprehensive research on rural settlements.Based on this,this study follows the "feature evolution-influencing factors-optimization reconstruction" on the basis of familiarity with fractal models and fractal methods.Logical framework and cognitive process,using fractal theory as the starting point,analyzing the dynamic changes of fractal structure and shape of rural settlements in mountainous and hilly areas,and identifying the influencing factors and correlations of spatial distribution and morphology of rural settlements from the natural environment and socio-economic level.On the basis of this,the fractal law of fractal characteristics of rural settlements and fractal influence factors are applied to the optimization of spatial pattern optimization,and the fractal optimization path with practical value is proposed to provide scientific reference for rural space optimization in mountainous and hilly areas.The main research work and conclusions are as follows:(1)We found that the spatial distribution and shape of rural settlements in the study area have more significant fractal characteristics and show different evolution trends with time,by using fractal dimension,correlation dimension and shape dimension to measure the fractals of rural settlements in the study area.(1)The distribution of rural settlements in the study area shows that the characteristics of density attenuation from the center to the surrounding hinterland and the spatial structure is relatively concentrated.However,the population aggregation of the rural settlements in the study area is increase from 1.749 to 1.825 in 2009-2016,indicate that the study area has presented a non-central town.The development of multi-center towns' rural settlements shows rapid development,in addition,the spatial correlation dimension of rural settlements in the study area increased from 1.376 to 1.416 during this period,indicates that the spatial self-organization of rural settlements were reduce,the degree of spatial correlation were weakened,and the transportation network The straight-through value increased slightly,which indicated that the construction of traffic road facilities in the study areas are further improved,and the actual traffic accessibility between rural settlements was enhanced.(2)The spatial structure correlation between the towns in the study area and the traffic network accessibility difference are more significant.The current situation and evolution of the settlement space structure reflected certain inconsistencies;(3)The spatial form dimension of rural settlements in the study area increased from 1.267 to 1.279 in seven years,shows a complex evolutionary trend,a decline in morphological stability,and an increase in disordered randomness;(4)There are still significant differences in settlement patterns complexity between towns.The difference may be due to the rapid development of social economy,the continuous expansion of urban scale,the guidance of industrial development throughout the region,and the comprehensive rehabilitation of rural settlements.(2)Topography,river system,transportation network and rural development status may affect the spatial distribution and fractal characteristics of rural settlements to different extents:(1)The distribution pattern of rural settlements in the study area show the phase on different topographic factors and different topographic gradients.Different fractal features,in the spatial distribution,the rural settlements in the study area show a low terrain aggregation tendency,the high value of the settlement box are mostly in the region of 161~400m,the slope is 0~5° and 5~10°,southeast In the slope area,the area with the relief of 0~50m and 50~100m,the area with surface roughness of 1~1.1,the area with slope variability of 0~5° and the area with slope variability of 5~10°,and the shape dimension Due to the influence of topographical factors and the dominant function of rural settlements,the number of high values mostly appears in the middle and high graded terrain gradient zones of topographic factors.In the variation of fractal dimension,the box dimension of rural settlements along with elevation,slope and topography The increase of undulation,surface roughness and slope variability showed a downward trend,while the morphological dimension showed that the site selection of the settlement was increased with the increase of topographical gradient in the middle and low terrain gradient.The increase in degree and other factors were the characteristics of the overall increase;(2)The spatial distribution and fractal characteristics of rural settlements are also affected by the river system factors,and the distribution of rural settlements along the main rivers and the distribution of urban settlements to the rural settlements.Two kinds of results,in addition,from the perspective of settlement evolution,the box dimension and shape dimension of rural settlements generally show a trend of increasing over time,that is,the quality development trend of rural settlements along the river,while in the river system On the other hand,the results show that with the increase of the fractal dimension of the river system in each town and the increase in the water space occupation capacity,the rural settlement fractal shows a downward trend,and the Spearman rank between the two.The correlation coefficient is-0.93,which indicates that there is a reverse correlation between the fractal dimension of river system and the fractal dimension of the settlement;(3)The influence of traffic factors on the distribution and development of rural settlements can not be ignored,and it is manifested from two main roads and multi-level traffic network.The level promotes the spatial development of rural settlements.The influence of main roads on rural settlements is mainly reflected by the continuous attraction of roads to surrounding settlements.The study of the influence of transportation networks on rural settlements also reflected that the coverage level and spatial occupation capacity of transportation networks have positive effects on the distribution and development of rural settlements.However,the relationship between the two was more fluctuating with time.The correlation coefficients of 2009 and 2016 are 0.92 and 0.82,respectively,indicated that the spatial distribution of rural settlements in the study area were highly positive with the traffic network.Relevance,but the correlation between the two showed a decreasing trend;(4)The spatial distribution and development of rural settlements were inseparable from the development process and direction of the rural areas,and the relationship between rural and rural settlements was analyzed.Sexuality can describe the actual relationship between the degree of rural development and the development level of rural settlements.It is found that the distribution of low-valued areas of rural indices tends to be consistent with the distribution of high-valued areas of rural settlements,and the settlement fractals are obvious.Output-related preference,located in agriculture-led,industry-led,service-led The development level of rural settlement space of four types of rural development types,which are type and balanced development,shows a trend of increasing with the increase of the average output value of leading industries.(3)Considering the rural settlement as an organic system with biological properties,using the MUP-City model to mine the path selection of rural settlements,and optimizing based on the original features,it can be based on the overall structure of the original settlement.Fractal optimization and reconstruction of rural settlements,by selecting the research area Baisha Town Rebuilding Village,Longhua Town Zhuyangsi Village,Simianshan Town Sibian Village as research case,the research results show that the rural settlements within each village area are based on MUP The fractal optimization of the-City model,the fractal optimization results show that the fractalized optimized rural settlements still maintain the basic structure of the rural settlement before the optimization,and retain the original settlement landscape of the village.At the same time,the rural settlements after fractal optimization show the spatial distribution characteristics of “large dispersion and small settlement”.The rural settlements are more concentrated on the basis of the distributed distribution before optimization,and the connection between settlements and roads,settlements and settlements is closer.The development potential of rural settlements has increased.The fractal dimension of rural settlements in various villages also increased to varying degrees after fractal optimization.The rural settlement of Fujian village in Baisha Town was increased from 1.153 to 1.396,and the rural settlement of Zhuyangsi Village in Longhua Town increased from 1.426 to 1.536.The rural settlement of Simian Village in Simianshan Town increased from 1.212 to 1.362,which confirmed the practical effectiveness of the MUP-City model method for spatial layout optimization of rural settlements.In summary,the study analyzes the spatial distribution and morphological characteristics of rural settlements from the perspective of fractal theory,deepens the spatial characteristics of rural settlements,reveals the fractal characteristics and layout characteristics of rural settlements,and expands the research content of rural settlement geography,reflecting The correlation and effect between the fractal dimension and the influencing factors,and the case verification,optimize the distribution order of rural settlements,and achieve a reasonable management of rural settlement space development. |
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