| The interaction between landscape pattern and process is the hot topic of landscape ecology research,especially tourism land pattern and scenic process.Hani Race Terraces gradually became one of the important tourist destinations in southern Yunnan due to their magnificent scenery at the end of the 20th century.Among them,the most famous have three major terrace area such as the Bada,Duoyishu and Laohuzui.Since the application of area was started in 2000,and the terraced scenic area was developed by Yunnan World Expo Tourism Group Holdings,LTD at the end of 2008.The Honghe Hani Rice Terraces landscape was inscribed in the World Heritage List under United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)on June 22,2013.In the above process,increasing tourism land and strengthening tourism function in the terraced scenic area show obvious interaction effect between the pattern of tourism land and the process of scenic spots.The present study,taking scenic area of Hani Race Terraces(the core of area for Hani Terrace World Heritage)as study area,divide the process of scenic spots by field investigation and land use/cover analysis methods and models based on Geographic Information System(GIS)and the theory of tourism destination evolution and landscape ecology.Further using Google Earth high-definition remote sensing images in 2005,2009 and 2015 to analyze the temporal and spatial patterns and functional changes of tourism land in each stage and predict its future trend and potential suitable area of observation deck.We put forward recommendations for the future development of scenic spots.The results are as follows:(1)According to the life-cycle theory of tourist destination,the process of Hani Race Terrace scenic spot is divided into three stages by using indicators including number of tourists,tourist land,tourist facilities and tourist events including the early stage before 2000,the developing stage from 2000 to 2008 and the forming stage of scenic spots from 2008 to today.(2)From the time scale,the extended strength index of tourist land and residential land are 0.02 and 0.0367 from 2005 to 2015,respectively,which showes a low-speed and rapid expansion mode.the expansion of tourism and residential land was in the state of slow spread with increasing 1.75 hm~2 and 14.49 hm~2 area from2005 to 2009.However,from 2009 to 2015,the tourism land mainly consisting of residential land and high-level tourism land fast expanded with increased area of31.43 hm~2,while the residential land mainly consisting of traffic land rapidly expanded with increased area of 46.42 hm~2.(3)From the the spatial expansion level in tourist destination,the high degree of scenic spots is Laohuzui area,following by Bada and Duoyishu area.From the expansion mode,there are separately centralized and connected,axial,and independent expansion in Duoyishu,Bada and Laohuzui area.From the expansion direction of tourist space,Bada area is formed comprehensive area between high-grade residential buildings and tourism public facilities.Duoyishu forms a boarding and lodging area mainly consisting of food and accommodation,while the tourism land pattern in the Laohuzui area changes slowly and does not form a characteristic area.(4)In the process of the change of tourism function and the transformation of tourism land,?1The tourism land is mainly transformed from paddy field and other land,and partly from residential land.?2There is an important period for the transformation of tourism land from 2009 to 2015.Its dominant types are advanced tourism land use(IV=25.67),tourism land for food and accommodation(IV=20.27)and roads.?3Functionally,it has gradually changed from residential land to compound tourism land such as accommodation,shopping,catering and entertainment to meet the various needs of tourists.?4The authenticity of Hani Race Terraces scenic spot is higher(AI=0.7809).The authenticity of different types of terrace landscape is highest agricultural landscape authenticity(AI=0.8441),following by tourism landscape coordination(AI=0.8176),traditional culture and customs authenticity(AI=0.7882),and settlement landscape authenticity(AI=0.6735).?5The process of scenic spots affected by a various of factors such as natural factors,tourism transportation,tourism demand,government policies and tourism enterprises.(5)The future change of tourist land and the prediction of potential scenic spots show that the Markov-FLUS model has a high accuracy.And the area of tourism land will continue to increase by 2025 mainly along the highway loop and the increasing density of buildings on both sides of the road.The prediction results of training set are excellent by using MAXENT model(training set:AUC=0.942,validation set:AUC=1.00),indicating that the suitable scenic spots are mainly located in highway loops and villages.Future should preferentially be given to the development of tourism land in 2025 predicted by Markov-FLUS model,followed by the development of potential optimum and more suitable scenic spots by MAXENT model.However,we suggested to improve the carrying capacity of highways,broaden or build new highways in the development of tourism. |
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