Research On The State County Magistrates System About Shu Ren Of Qing Dynasty

In the absence of ancient Chinese officials,other officials acted as temporary agents,which was called Xing in the Han dynasty,and called She by the Tang and Song dynasties,and Shu in the Ming and Qing dynasties.The system of Shu Ren in the Qing dynasty was formed on the basis of inheriting the Ming dynasty’s Shumou zhishi,which throughed the completion of the several dynasties.In the Qing dynasty,it was widely used in the appointment of ministries and departments,eight banners and battalions,appointed ministers,governors and officials at all levels of the prefecture and county.As opposed to the current and actual appointment,Shuren is a system of selecting temporary replacement or trial appointment for an official who leaves office due to illness or vacancy,which leads to a power vacuum.The system was an important official appointment system in the Qing dynasty,which ensured that there were always officials to exercise their functions and powers,and played the role of lack of power.In the Qing dynasty,there were many ways of Shuren.In the early qing dynasty,it inherited the Ming dynasty and used "Shumoushi" and "Shumouzhishi" to represent the temporary acting post and trial post.From the Shunzhi dynasty to the Qianlong period,in the appointment of civil and military officials,Shumouzhi,Shumouzhishi,Weishumouzhi,Shulimuzhou,Shulimouzhishi,Jianshumouzhi are the official names,when the official was appointed,Shu,Weishu,Shuli,Jianshu can refer to the appointment of the replacement of the staff.However,Shu was widely used in the official rank of military attache,and Weishu was the meaning of a member acting,so the expression of Shu in this period was rather confused.There are some differences and connections between Shu,Jianshu,Weishu,Shuli,Huli.The current state and county officials in the Qing dynasty had the distinction between the Zhengren and the Shuren.The Shuguan group is another important component of the county magistrate in addition to the county formal magistrate.There are many research achievements on the selection and appointment system of prefectural and county government officials,the appointment of officials is a weak part in the study of the selection system.The powers of appointment vary from officer to officer,in the early Qing dynasty,there were eight banners and princes to appoint the county magistrate in batches,after Shunzhi period,the appointment power was generally controlled by the governor and the secretary of the state,the formmer had the power of nomination,and the substantive power was in the hands of the latter.After the reign of emperor Yongzheng,people were sent to provincial party committees and bureaus.During the reign of emperor Qianlong,there was a mechanism of second-level party committees and bureaus.After Jiaqing,the provincial and ministerial committees were put in place,and the power of the governor was restricted to a certain extent.The source of state and county officials,one by the governor to the actual lack of state and county officials or to the actual lack of officials to commission,one with no real shortage of alternate candidates distributed commission or trial.In order to restrict the power of the appointment of the governor,the Qing dynasty issued a series of reporting regulations,forming a systematic reporting mechanism,which is an important part of the appointment system.In the Qing dynasty,the prefecture and county officials had a relatively perfect management system.An Shuren officer shall have similar functions and powers as the official.There are different salaries and benefits between the actual vacancy and the replacement candidates.There is a set of assessment mechanism for the officials,and the way out for the officials is mostly practical award or another promotion,which reflects the design intention of testing the officials and training the preparatory officials in addition to the temporary vacancy of the officials.The prefecture and county official appointment system played a role in the lack of power when the prefecture and county officials were absent due to illness,which ensured the smooth development of local government affairs.However,in the Qing dynasty,the situation is more serious when the governor randomly transfers the office and commissions the office.The abuse of the power of appointment led to a gradual shortage of local officials,some of whom were harmful to the local government and had a negative impact on the social governance.