| Innovation is the important engine and source of economic growth and development.Some scholars called innovation "the fourth kind of great power",which promote the development of capitalism and the free market economy. These studies from different perspectives interpretate the meaning of Schumpeter’s "new combination". Following the neoclassical school of economics knowledge and intellectual capital as endogenous variables into the model of economic growth, Collaborative innovation as the important model of commercialization of technological innovation (or industrial), has become an important way to implement innovative drive and endogenous growth. The arrival of knowledge economy and the new technological revolution which put ICTs as a pilot has brought great challenges to the economic, social development and human production mode. Customers,competition and changes (3C) has become an important strategic factors affecting the survival and development of enterprises. In such a turmoil and change of the economic globalization background, corporate resources, the ability to match the dynamic environment will be considered strategically and collaborative innovation strategy that integrated by knowledge will be implemented based on system theory. All these are the key for enterprises to obtain long-term competitive advantage. Collaborative innovation is a new paradigm of technology innovation which based on knowledge value-added and value creation. Synergy can achieve the result of the scale economy, scope economy, speed economy and network economy, and this has important value to build an innovation-oriented country to our country. The study of collaborative innovation theory, mainly to Romer as the representative of the endogenous growth theory, using Ansoff, Porter and Teece as the representative of the strategic synergy theory, synergy theory system with Haken, Freeman and Nelson as the representative, to Chesbrough as the representative of the open innovation theory, social network theory to Granovette, Gulati and Powell as the representative and the Nonaka as the representative of the theory of knowledge management. Endogenous growth theory is still considered to be a result rather than the process of innovation, without changing the economist preference who see economic subject as static, So it can not effectively explain the collaborative innovation activities with complex and nonlinear characteristics. Strategic synergy theory focuses more on research synergies between the strategic diversification units, but the emphasis on value-added knowledge of the most hidden assets is not enough. Systems theory emphasizes the synergy between the elements of collaborative innovation impact on the overall system performance, but knowledge collaborative research is not its main target. Open innovation theory emphasizes the importance of internal and external sources of innovation to produce creative idea, however it ignores the process of idea generation. Social network theory to in-depth study of the innovation network plays an important role in knowledge spillovers, but it pays too much attention to the relationship and structure of the network, neglect of individual wealth concept incentives for innovation. Knowledge management theory is a good explanation for the conversion of explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge in the organization,but it does not give a clear explanation on how organizational knowledge flows, as well as the interaction and learning how to promote knowledge spillovers between organizations.This study belongs to the theory of building research. Apple Corp, Huawei company and Byd Co innovative enterprise are selected as the cases sample. The third chapter, the fourth chapter, the fifth chapter and the sixth chapter are the core part of the paper. The main objective of the study is to explore the formation mechanism of the synergy between the main innovation of enterprises and universities, and establish a model of synergistic effects mechanism with the concept of bidirectional embedding (Figure3-3), which base on cooperative innovation behavior (especially the development of the common behavior) of the enterprise and University (also relates to other research institutions, government, suppliers, competitors, customers, etc.), new perspective of the research of bidirectional embedding view and the grounded theory cross case study as the main research method.On this basis, this study had also further expanded related theories. Theory expansion one, this dissertation analyzed that the collaboration between cultural interaction driven and differential advantage had an effect on collaborative innovation, and established an analytical framework on how the cultural interaction convergence realized collaborative innovation(Figure5-5). Theory expansion two, it analyzed bidirectional embedding had an impact on getting the synergetic effect, and built a model on bidirectional embedding from the dimension of knowledge acquisition and interaction level(Figure5-3). Theory expansion three, this study had also built a model on knowledge spillover effect, which was based on organizational learning, knowledge management and social network theory(Figure5-4).The main research conclusions are as follows:(1) Different collaborative innovation pattern would lead to different innovative performance. There are four manifestations of synergetic effect:sharing effect, complementary effect, synchronous effect and spillover effect. Among this, sharing effect, complementary effect and synchronous effect belong to primary synergies, and their value creation are mainly related to real assets. However, knowledge spillover effect belongs to senior synergies, and its value creation is mainly related to intangible assets.(2) Knowledge collaboration is the advanced form of collaborative innovation. And knowledge spillover is the precondition of knowledge diffusion and transfer, and also the key and core content of collaborative innovation. Knowledge creation depends on the ability of organization:knowledge accumulation(organizational learning), absorptive capacity and self-transcendence.From the level of embedding, bidirectional embedding includes strategic embedding, organizational embedding and cultural embedding. However, from the stage of embedding, it includes strategic connection, strategic embedding and strategic coupling. The level of embedding mainly affects the performance of organizational collaborative innovation system, and the stage mainly affects the depth of collaboration.(3) Both bidirectional embedding and the pattern of collaborative innovation will influence synergistic effect. Among them, this kind of pattern affects the collaborative innovation through the form of market synergy, operation synergy, organization synergy and technology synergy. And bidirectional embedding has promoted the deep content and learning between innovative subjects, is the protention of knowledge spillover effects, and its stage of coupling has a decisive influence on knowledge spillover, especially for hidden knowledge.(5) Innovation culture, the organization’s value, attitude and faith, forms into a inner transmission mechanism(idea layer→system layer→behavior layer→material layer). It affects not only the innovation faith of organization but also the innovation awareness and innovation behavior of employees and then influences the innovation performance of organization, which has become a productivity based on the spirit of innovation. (6) It depends on two factors for an organization to develop collaborative innovation: one is the environmental uncertainty, and the other is the organization’s resource and ability. The purpose of collaboration is to obtain complementary strategic resources or ability. Synergy innovation is the purpose and synergy effect is the result.Then, the main innovation points are as follows:(1) On the basis of the cross-case study results by using grounded theory, this study proposed a model on the generation mechanism of synergy effect based on "the view of bidirectional embedding"(Figure3-3). From the perspective of systematic thinking, this model revealed the generation mechanism and evolution path of synergy on the basis of bidirectional embedding. Analysis suggested that the model systematically reflected the general evolution rule and internal logic relations between collaborative environment, bidirectional embedding, the patterns of collaborative innovation, synergy effects and synergetic advantages. And the essence of synergy innovation was the process of interactive integration and knowledge spillover between organization’s ability and its innovation network. This conclusion breaks the "fragmentary research" of collaborative innovation studied by previous scholars, providing a new and valuable framework for the theory and practice of Chinese collaborative innovation study.(2)Bidirectional-Embedding View is both a perspective of studying on collaborative innovation, it is also an appropriate and effective research method. This article builds a Bidirectional-Embedding Model (Figure5-3) based on two dimensions-knowledge integration and interaction, analyzing the formation and reciprocal transformation between explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge from the process of linking-phase to embedding-phase and coupling-phase. In the meantime, we disclose the mechanism and process of knowledge spillovers. This paper also builds a Knowledge Spillovers Model (Figure5-4), we consider that organizational capacity is very important to knowledge spillovers, and innovational network system is an important place for innovative subject to obtain and create new knowledge. Bidirectional-Embedding plays a fundamental role in knowledge acquisition, knowledge absorption, knowledge transformation and knowledge creation, and it can catalyze inter-organizational knowledge spillovers. The framework proposed by us builds a bridge between organizational capability and knowledge synergy and it may have some reference value to the application and development of knowledge. (3)According to the mechanism of innovational culture’s effect on collaborative innovation, we propose a framework about how differential cultural interaction and advolution differential influence collaborative innovation (Figure5-5).What we believe is that cultural interaction and advolution is helpful for partners to reach an agreement on innovational faith. Its running-in(process of bidirectional-embedding) generates knowledge across and new originality and it is finally good for the integration and utility of heterogeneous resource. This result verifies the productivity nature of innovational spirits which is of great significance to guiding innovation practice in Chinese.The dissertation is just a preliminary discussion and need to be well improved and investigated further. The following question can be direction for future research:①a wider scope of sample is to be applied in empirical study to prove the conclusion’s universality(for example, industry heterogeneity or specific situation).②bidirectional-embedding affects collaborative innovation to what extent and scale? Can excessive embedding lock innovation locus?③What’s the deep mechanism of culture-embedding’s effect on collaborative innovation effect?...
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