From "Management" To "Counseling": Research Of Class Change

In an age of enormous change, school change has nearly become a normal condition of school education. In China, class is not only the common form of the school life, but also the elementary unit of schooling. It must be reviewed from history and pondered from theory that whether class is like these both in the past and in the future in this era of great change.Nowadays, there are abundant practices of change in the school class. They possess origin of society, foundation of philosophy, basis of theory, tradition of culture. Some are explicit in class teaching and learning, and some arc implicit in ordinary management of class. If these characteristics of class change aren't known well, class may be misunderstood, or class change can be executed blindly, or nonessential character can be solidified. Thus, original properties of class will be covered, and class change will be lagged behind in social transition and change. Therefore, carding history of class change, unscrambling practice of class change, and building pedagogy theory of class, which are significant to enrich class education theory, can guide today's class change and develop class practice.The research holds that the class change is renewed and reformed in value orientation, organizational shape, ecological condition, operational mechanism, which is propelled by outer forces(e.g. school change)or/and inner forces(e.g. the class organization). From the view of history of class change, there is far-reaching change, namely, from "management" to "counseling". On one hand, the objective of this research is to card history of class change in order to pursue sequence of change from "management" to "counseling". On the other hand, the objective is to unscramble practice of class change in order to explore law of development.This research mainly focuses on how the class "management" and "counseling" develops from blend to differentiation in the two dimensions of history and reality, namely, the highlight of "management" and the weakening of "counseling", then promote "class community". In this research, four chapters respectively, blend, differentiation, and integration are used to illustrate the process of class change. Class counseling has been pondered over in the meaning of pedagogy in the chapter on integration.This research firstly elaborates the methodology which has changed from analysis to synthesis new characteristics of class in the transformation time, and view on several basic relation of class change. Then using the literature methodology, the paper has combed the evolution of the class organization and the debate of the class nature in order to restore historical truth of blend of "management" and "counseling". Then, in the same way, the paper has combed the transformation process of class "teaching", "management", "counseling" separately, in which the road of the historical differentiation of the class "management" and "counseling" has reappeared. Again then, by questionnaire method, content analysis, interview method and so on, there is a basic estimate of current patterns of class education from the two dimensions of class consciousness and class leadership behavior. This research has also analyzed the differentiation of the real scene of class consciousness and class behavior. Finally, this research has discussed the feasibility of integration of the class "management" and "counseling", as well as the future direction and reconstruction path of the class change.This paper tries to propose the concept and factor constitution of class consciousness by the empirical research. Class consciousness is a realization of view of class nature and organization, individual's role responsibility, behavior way, interpersonal interaction of all teachers and students, and cognition of function of the class environment and the class system to the student individual growth. Class consciousness consists of eight factors, including the role sense of responsibility, the organization view, discipline consciousness, the class characteristic view, the class society view, the interpersonal interactive view, the class nature view, and the rule consciousness. This article tries to propose the concept of class leadership behavior. It is the function which constitutes by the leader, the led and the environment. This paper has obtained conclusion about differentiation of class consciousness and class behavior. The main points include:there are some differentiation in the structure of class consciousness, among administrators from different schools, among students from different grades, and between teachers and students; there are some differentiation in dimensions of classes and individual, in factor of order and discipline, in type of the class environment, in type of class adviser leadership behavior, in influence of class adviser leadership behavior on class environment, class adviser leadership type on class environment; and there are some differentiation between class consciousness and class behavior.Based on document study and empirical study, this research has integrated history and reality of the class change and analyzed the change process from management to counseling by combining "history" and "argument"...