| Tobacco is the foundation of tobacco industry development,and also the pillar industry of tobacco producing areas.With the rapid development of the market economy,China’s tobacco industry is facing two practical problems to be solved,namely "who to grow tobacco" and "how to grow good tobacco".Existing research and practice show that,the tobacco family farm is the advanced organization of tobacco production,is an effective way to modernization of tobacco production methods,plays an important role in promoting a stable team,raising the level of tobacco production.So,in reality,how do tobacco family farm work? Is the operation mechanism reasonable? Operation mechanism is the basis of efficiency,efficiency is the embodiment of operation mechanism.Is tobacco family farm more efficient than traditional tobacco growers? What is the change law of farm efficiency in different scale farms? What are the factors that affect the efficiency of the tobacco family farm? What is the relationship between these factors? This is the key problem to develop tobacco family farm,and also the basic problem that this research is trying to solve.This study adopts questionnaire survey and field research combining,comparative analysis,DEA model,Tobit-ISM regression model analysis and other methods,studys the Shandong Province tobacco family farm operation mechanism and operation efficiency.Firstly,on the basis of expounding the relevant theories of tobacco family farm,analysis and summary the development process,development types and operation status of Shandong tobacco family farm;secondly,analysis the operation mechanism of 882 samples tobacco family farm from organization management mechanism,land transfer mechanism,financing mechanism,infrastructure and management system and cooperation mechanism;thirdly,construct the evaluation index system of the tobacco family farm operation efficiency,and calculate the sample farm efficiency;fourth,analysis the factors which can affect the operational efficiency of the sample family farm tobacco;fifth,analysis the typical tobacco family farms under different conditions for case,summarizes the enlightenment;finally,put forward the development and improvement of the Shandong tobacco family farm basic measures and supporting measures.The main conclusions and suggestions are as follows:(1)The development of Shandong tobacco family farm has experienced 3 stages: the first stage is the beginning stage(2003-2006 years);the second stage is the initial development stage(2007-2010 years);the third stage is the rapid development stage(since 2011).There are many development types of Shandong tobacco family farm: according to the different forming path can be divided into tobacco companies leading,farmers spontaneous and composite three types;according to different organizational structure can be divided into "tobacco companies + family farm" and "tobacco companies + cooperatives + family farm " two types.(2)Through the investigation and analysis on the development condition of tobacco family farm in Shandong tobacco producing area,found its development has the following characteristics: firstly,quantity increases first and then decreases and fluctuation strength;secondly,the average tobacco planting area is on the decline,the status of farms is steadily on the increase;thirdly,there is a big difference between regions;fourth,the operating benefit is high;fifth,the tobacco companies support effect.The analysis of its operation status shows that: total employment has continuously decreased,the employment structure is mainly employee oriented;per acre gross income and the cost increase in different degree,the income mainly sales income,the cost mainly labor costs and land costs;per acre profit at 800-1000 yuan,scale benefit is obvious.(3)Through the analysis operation mechanism of samples tobacco family farm show that: In the aspect of organization management mechanism,organization structure of the tobacco family farm is not clear enough,the farm manager’s "patriarchal" characteristics is obvious,all kinds of rules and management system are low and the implementation is poor.In the aspect of land circulation mechanism,farm land transfer rate is higher,mainly by relatives and friends of spontaneous circulation,the mode of transfer is mainly subcontracted and leased,short circulation period,lack of motivation,lack of market mechanisms,circulation protection mechanism is not perfect and other serious problems stand out.In the aspect of investment and financing mechanism,the external financing of the farm is mainly based on bank loans,there is a big difference between the amount of financing and the actual demand,the financing channels are narrow and the financing environment is not ideal.Farm investment in agricultural production is mainly based on infrastructure investment,and non-agricultural production is essential to maintain basic living.In the aspect of infrastructure and management mechanism,office facilities and production facilities of farm can basically meet the needs of production and operation management,but the management and protect body is unknown,lack of funds led to the efficiency of facilities is not high.In the aspect of cooperation mechanism,the support and assistance of the tobacco companies and the tobacco cooperatives on the tobacco family farms are very obvious,but their support and service quality still need to be further improved.(4)Through the DEA model calculate the efficiency of tobacco family farm show that: whether the overall sample or classification samples,the overall efficiency level of the tobacco family farms,tobacco large farmer,tobacco ordinaly farmer are not high,and the low efficiency mainly from pure technical efficiency is low.From the comparison of the efficiency levels of various production entities,the comprehensive efficiency,pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of tobacco family farms were significantly better than tobacco large farmer and tobacco ordinaly farmer.From the internal efficiency gap between the various production subject,the gap between the comprehensive efficiency,pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of tobacco family farm is the largest,the gap between the comprehensive efficiency,the pure technical efficiency and the scale efficiency of the tobacco large farmer is the smallest.The disparity of efficiency among the various production entities may be caused by the differences in the operating mechanism of different production entities.In the 7 groups of tobacco family farms were classified according to size,the comprehensive efficiency,pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of the 50-100 area,150-200 area and 200-250 area scale groups are all at their best,reached the stage of constant returns to scale,other scale groups have different levels of input redundancy and lack of output in capital,labor and land,at the stage of diminishing returns to scale.According to the situation of up to 3 optimal scale groups,the efficiency of the tobacco family farm was optimized by using the cost profit margin index,and the scale was 50-100 area.(5)Based on the investigation data of sample tobacco family farm in Shandong tobacco producing areas,integrated use of Tobit model and ISM model from internal factors and external factors the two aspects,analyzes the factors that influence the operation efficiency of the tobacco family farm.The results show that the level of operating efficiency of tobacco family farm is decided to a complex system consisting of 8 factors with 3 levels of hierarchy by education,land scale,water conservancy facilities is perfect,the level of agricultural mechanization,cooperatives comprehensive service degree,the scale of financing,agricultural loans and agricultural insurance services degree from financial institutions,tobacco companies production conditions and various subsidies degree.(6)Through the analysis and comparison of three typical tobacco family farm operation mechanism and efficiency,summed up the following enlightenments: systematic,perfect and efficient operation mechanism is the guarantee of efficient operation of family farm;scale is efficient,large-scale planting is the only way to develop modern agriculture;select the farm manager is the key to the development of family farms;scientific management is fundamental to the development of family farms;professional service is the family farm production support;past,present and future needs support of the tobacco companies.(7)The development and perfection of the tobacco family farm should take the following measures: to establish and improve the organization and management mechanism,improve the land transfer mechanism,vigorously cultivate the occupation of farmers,strengthen financial support,improve the basic operating conditions,strengthen the policy support of tobacco companies.At the same time,the following measures should be taken: improve the relevant laws and regulations,speed up the construction of new urbanization,vigorously develop the tobacco farmers’ professional cooperatives,and improve the rural social security system. |
