A Study On The Sartre's Marxist View

With the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Sinicized Marxism,the Communist Party of China has led the Chinese people to open up the road of socialist development with Chinese characteristics.In the process of promoting the Sinicization of Marxism,it is necessary to further deepen the study of Marx and Engels' original thought in theory.In addition to reading Marx and Engels' classical literature and the development history of Marxism directly,we need to communicate with foreign Marxism,further strengthen the study of western Marxism,and study and draw lessons from the research results of other schools of Marxism in foreign countries.Absorbing the essence to remove its dross provides us with a new vision and ideological and theoretical resources for our comprehensive and systematic understanding of Marxism.Sartre's overall evaluation of Marxism,Sartre's understanding of Marxism from the aspects of human and humanitarianism and the self-construction of related theories,Sartre's understanding of Marxist dialectic theory,historical materialism,human essential problems,evaluation,and Sartre's rethinking and theoretical construction of these problems are the representative achievement of Sartre's re-understanding Marxism and constructing existentialism Marxism,which needs us to study deeply and further develop and perfect Marxist theory.This paper mainly studies Sartre's Marxist view from four aspects: philosophical nature of Marxism,dialectics theory,historical materialism and human essence theory.First: this paper analyzes Sartre's basic value attitude towards the nature of Marxist philosophy,and studies Sartre's attempt to fill the "empty field of human study" in Marxism.Sartre affirmed that Marxist philosophy is not out of date,not only not out of date,but also the only contemporary philosophy that can not be transcended.Marxism,as expressed in Marxist philosophy,will not be out of date and will not be transcended until the opposition between wage labor and capital and the historical conditions of alienation have come to an end.Sartre's position was a favorable refute of Marxism's obsolescence,while Sartre insisted that Marxism had an "empty space",was suffering from "anaemia" and had even become "rigid".Marxism "engulfs" people in the concept,only the abstract logical category,the law of historical development and the inevitable trend of historical development,can not see people.Sartre insists that the combination of existentialism and Marxism can make existentialism and Marxism reborn at the same time.Sartre describes and develops his study of Historical Humanities with the model and level of "personal practice to gathering and then to social groups".He believes that philosophy is "humanism" and that "man" is the object of philosophical research.He analyzes and studies people from "the state of human existence" and "life experience",expounds that the experience of human existence is "nausea",and shows Sartre's position of "humanism" and pessimism towards contemporary western society.Sartre advocates that "man" should be taken as the object of philosophical research.However,philosophy can not study people abstractly in isolation and abstract.it is precisely the scientific nature and advantage of Marx's philosophy to understand human beings,understand human historical development,human freedom,human liberation and all-round development in the concrete historical conditions,social relations structure and historical development law.What Sartre called "the empty space of human learning" does not exist in the original philosophical theory of Marx,but in the dogmatic "Marxist theory" of one-sided understanding,interpretation and propaganda.Second: Sartre's dialectic view.The paper analyzes Sartre's critical inheritance of Kant and Hegel's dialectics,and discusses Sartre's criticism of Engels' natural dialectics and the dogmaticization of Soviet dialectic.Then,Sartre's understanding of Marx's dialectic thoughts is analyzed and the integrated dialectics constructed by Sartre is explored.Sartre denies the existence of dialectics in nature and makes the subjective law of thinking lose its objective foundation.Sartre expresses his understanding of Marx's dialectic thinking from the perspective of existentialism.Sartre believes that Marx's dialectic originates from Hegel.Marx reveals the mysterious veil of Hegel's dialectics and obtains the law of Hegel's dialectic contradiction,the law of mutual change of quality,and the negation of negation.Sartre discusses Marx's dialectic of social history which takes contradiction as the core from the three aspects of individual practice,shortage and production mode and social existence(especially the existence of hierarchy).The general feature of Sartre's dialectics is integration.The core concept of Sartre's dialectics is “integration”.Sartre believes that when all historians before Marx regarded history as a collection of countless accidents,they ignored the overall nature of history.As far as Sartre's historical dialectics are concerned,the contradiction between lack and demand is the most fundamental driving force for the development of social history,and the origin of the dialectical relationship between people and things and between people.Sartre proposes that the new structure of holistic dialectics lies in the fact that each structure is the transcendence of unification of matters and of revelation.Everything restricts human practice through the passive unification of pre-constructed meaning.Obviously,it is a transcendental theory based on individual practice.Sartre thinks that dialectical reason must have a correct way of thinking when studying specific social history.He regards his “gradual-regressive” approach as a true dialectical thinking method.Only in this way can the “comprehensive understanding” and true grasp of the relationship between individuals and social history be achieved.If it is necessary to study a person,in-depth and specific analysis of each factor in his growth process must be studied.It requires the introduction of “assisted disciplines” and “intermediary factors”-psychological and sociological analysis.Sartre applied dialectics to the study of social history,which has promoted the development of dialectics.Sartre explored the boundaries that Marxism should have as a dialectical mode of thought in order to find the correct theoretical basis for dialectics.Third: Sartre's interpretation of historical materialism and the reconstruction of historical theory.Sartre criticized Marx's historical determinism because of his eagerness to fully realize his personal freedom.Because the historical determinism denies contingency and the possibility of personal freedom of choice and full realization of freedom,Sartre explored the subject and approaches of historical dialectics from the development impetus of social history and the basic trend of social and historical development.He hopes to reconstruct the historical materialism.Marx has put forward two inevitable conclusions.Marx points out that the development of productive forces is the decisive force of historical development.The contradictory movement between productivity and productive relations promotes the evolution of human society from the low grade to the high grade.The development of social history is the accumulation of purely accidental events.It develops in accordance with certain objective laws.Compared with Marx's point of view,Sartre explores the ultimate source of social historical phenomena from personal freedom.Sartre has proposed the two inevitability of “dialectical inevitability” and “mechanical inevitability” to pave the way for his theory.Sartre holds the view that the driving force for the development of human social history is nether the productivity,nor the inherent contradiction of production methods.The driving force for the development of human social history is the scarcity.The contradictory movement between scarcity and demand is the most fundamental driving force for the development of social history.It the origin of the dialectical relationship between people and things and between people.The history of human society has been created and developed based on the framework of the scarcity.Sartre's historical dialectics follows the confrontation between people and things based on the scarcity.Because of the scarcity of “things”,there is a negative relationship between people.The unity of opposites between people and things is the intrinsic motivation of historical dialectics.Since the scarcity is intrinsic and can never be overcome,the negative historical impetus exists forever.The “practice” of the human being is precisely the opposition and negation of scarcity.Sartre thinks that the development history of human society is a cyclical process with the pattern of dissimination-revolution-re-dissimilation-re-revolution".The biggest challenge of Sartre's theory of history is: what the root cause of scarcity? In Marx's view,the lack of capitalist society or the polarization between the rich and the poor is not caused by the weak ability of human beings to produce wealth,but by the exploitation of labors caused by the capitalists.It is resulted from the conflict between hired labor and capital.Therefore,poverty,scarcity and opposition can be eliminated by reforming the capitalist system.Fourth: Sartre's theory of the nature of human being.In Marx's view,we must start from the actual activities of human beings,proceed from the practice of productive labor,and start from the living conditions and social connections to understand the essence of human beings and restore the concreteness of human beings.When considering the nature of human beings,Marx assumes that labor creates human beings and society.“The essence of human beings is the sum of social relations in its reality.” Sartre holds the belief that human beings exist before nature produces.It is necessary to constantly transcend itself and transcend itself through actions.People are never completed,and they have to be what they are.Human freedom of choice and self-transcendence shape the essence of man.Sartre believes that everyone has their own personality and traits.This unique personality must be reflected when it is isolated from others and society.Sartre does not deny the existence of human beings,but Sartre emphasizes that when individuals are related to society,they must become objects,subject to the constraints of others and subject to social conditions,and people lose their own uniqueness.The person falls to the same position as the object,then the person cannot be called a real person.Sartre believes that individuals and society are antagonistic.If people want to maintain their unique nature,they must isolate themselves from others and society so that they are not assimilated by others and society.This view is obviously an ideal and partial view.In Marx's view,we must start from the actual activities of human beings,proceed from the production and labor practice,and understand the essence of human beings from the living conditions and social connections,and restore the concreteness of human beings.Human personality must also form and continue to develop under such conditions.The separation of human beings from society can not only maintain the individuality and uniqueness of human beings,but also make the mistakes of metaphysics and idealism.Then the isolated individuals and abstract individuals who are separated from social relations and social and historical conditions cannot represent the whole world.Because Sartre only regards individuals as the starting point of all philosophy,it is a one-sided view.He has showed the historical idealism.Based on the subjectivity of human beings,Sartre emphasizes human freedom.Marx's concept of freedom puts the priority on the unity of recognition and practice and the unity of individual choice and objective necessity.For the issue of human alienation,Sartre believes that the alienation of human nature originates from the scarcity of human needs.But Marx believes that the direct cause of alienation is the social labor distribution and private ownership.Sartre's theory of the essence of human beings stands for the subjectivism and idealism.However,his theory attaches great importance to the subjective position of human beings,emphasizes the meaning of freedom,negates fatalism,and restores dignity and meaning.