| Since the beginning of the 21 st century,the ecological migration project,as an important measure taken by the Chinese government to protect the ecological environment in ecologically fragile areas and help local people get rid of poverty,has been gradually implemented throughout the country.However,due to the poor natural conditions and the high proportion of poor people in the western region,the number of immigrants is relatively large.Ecological immigration is not a simple population migration,but also contains the minority traditional nomadic society to settle town of enrichment of social organism evolution process,in the existing literature,the immigrants into the behavior and livelihood strategy choice has not been due importance to the interaction between,especially in domestic has not been system in-depth research,However,the study on the livelihood strategy of immigrant integration is directly related to the stability and development of the society.Based on the above background,this study intends to conduct in-depth exploration from the perspective of town integration,from different selection stages of ecological migration's livelihood strategy selection preference,livelihood strategy selection behavior and livelihood strategy selection effect,etc.,with the focus on answering the following questions: What are the dimensions and measurement indicators of the integration of eco-migrant towns? What are the differences in the integration of eco-immigrant towns?What is the difference in the impact of urban integration on the choice preference of ecological migration's livelihood strategy? What is the relationship between urban integration and ecological migration's livelihood strategy selection behavior? How to evaluate the effect of urban integration on the livelihood strategy selection of ecological migration?On the basis of social integration theory,sustainable livelihood theory,rational behavior theory and other theories,and on the basis of systematic review of relevant domestic and foreign literature and research results,this paper illustrates the mechanism of urban integration in different stages of immigrant livelihood strategy selection.Field research and data of 509 ecological migration households in Sanjiangyuan area were selected.Measure of ecological emigration into town and its various dimensions at the same time,use a variety of econometric model and the empirical research method to analysis the ecological emigration in cities and towns into the town of livelihood strategy choice preference,ecologicalimmigration into the town of livelihood strategy choice behavior,ecological immigration into the effect of the livelihood strategy choice of three level effect,on the basis of immigration in raising ecological towns into their livelihood,promote the diversification strategy policy Suggestions.Based on the above theoretical analysis and empirical research results,the main conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)This paper systematically analyzes the background of ecological migration from the perspective of the motivation of the implementation of the ecological migration policy and the process of the implementation of the ecological migration project.On this basis,it analyzes the living status of ecological migration in the sanjiangyuan region.According to the survey samples,509 valid samples were obtained.Among them,38.1% of the ecological immigrants were willing to choose the pure farming and pastoral livelihood,37.6% of the ecological immigrants were willing to choose part-time livelihood,and 24.3% of the ecological immigrants were willing to choose non-farming and pastoral livelihood.In fact,currently there are 137 ecological migration households engaged in pure farming and pastoral livelihood,accounting for 26.9% of the total sample number;currently there are 171 ecological migration households engaged in part-time livelihood,accounting for 33.6% of the total sample number;currently there are 201 ecological migration households engaged in pure farming and pastoral livelihood,accounting for 39.5% of the total sample number;In terms of family relocation type,there were 331 immigrant households that moved collectively,accounting for 65% of the total sample number,and 178 immigrant households that moved separately,accounting for 35% of the total sample number.In terms of number of family labor,one person in the home or no Labour ecological Yi Min Hu 54 households,accounting for 10.6% of the total number of samples,the home have 2-3 people workforce ecological Yi Min Hu has 176 households,accounting for 34.6% of the total number of samples,the home have 3-4 person labor amount of ecological Yi Min Hu has 197 households,accounting for 38.7% of the total number of samples,more than five people in the home and the number of Labour ecological Yi Min Hu has 82 households,accounting for 16.1% of the total number of samples.Through the analysis of the benefits of three-river source area ecological immigrant project,including the region ecosystem restoration effect significantly,after the relocation of ecological migration on various aspects of life improved significantly,the cost of living increase and subsequent livelihood sustainable ecological immigration crisis and immigration project during the implementation of the cultural differences of new problems.(2)According to the research on the integration of ecological migrants into towns and the different characteristics of each dimension,it is found that the integration variables of ecological migrants into towns can be measured from four dimensions: economic integration,social integration,cultural integration and psychological integration.Among them,economic integration includes four indicators,such as employment status,income status,consumption pattern and labor security.Social integration includes two indicators: social participation and social interaction.Cultural integration includes four indicators: language culture,value concept,humanistic concept,education and training.Psychological integration includes identity,psychological distance and satisfaction.Town at the same time,according to the study of source area immigrants into the common in the medium level,economy,social integration and culture into the measured value into the mental and is 2.96,3.15,2.93 and2.68,respectively,in cities and towns into the dimensions of the measured values in the order from high what are Social integration > economy integration > culture integration >psychology integration.The urban integration of ecological immigrants not only has the characteristic difference of each dimension,but also has the characteristic difference of each dimension of the urban integration of different groups.This chapter focuses on two aspects of gender and intergenerational analysis,through to the town of different populations into each dimension characteristic study found that a new generation of immigrants in all aspects of the situation is generally higher than the old immigration,town into the various dimensions of especially psychology into a new generation of immigrants is higher than the older immigrants,men and women migrants into the situation of the difference is not significant.(3)The total index of each dimension of town integration has different significant influences on the livelihood strategy selection preference of ecological immigrants in Sanjiangyuan,and there are different influences on the livelihood strategy selection preference of different types.In terms of economic integration,the level of economic integration does not affect the selection probability of pure agriculture and animal husbandry,part-time industry and non-agriculture and animal husbandry livelihood for ecological immigrants in Sanjiangyuan area.In terms of social integration,the higher the level of social integration,the higher the probability that ecological immigrants in the Sanjiangyuan area choose part-time livelihood strategy and non-farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,and this positive relationship has a greater impact on immigrants' choice of non-farming and pastoral livelihood strategy.In terms of cultural integration,the higher the level of cultural integration,the higher the probability that the ecological immigrants in the Sanjiangyuanarea choose the part-time livelihood strategy and the non-farming and pastoral livelihood strategy.In terms of psychological integration,the higher the level of psychological integration,the greater the probability that ecological immigrants in Sanjiangyuan area choose part-time livelihood strategy.At the same time,the four dimensions of economic integration,social integration,cultural integration and psychological integration of immigrants have internal mechanisms for the preference of livelihood strategies.Economic integration includes four sub-variables: employment status,income status,consumption pattern and labor security.Among them,employment status and income status play a certain role in the selection preference of livelihood strategies of ecological immigrants.Compared with the pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,the more optimistic the employment situation is,the greater the probability that the ecological immigrants in the Sanjiangyuan area will choose the non-farming and pastoral livelihood strategy.Compared with the pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,the better the income status,the less likely the ecological immigrants in the Sanjiangyuan area to choose the part-time livelihood strategy,and the greater the impact of the part-time livelihood strategy.Social integration includes two sub-variables,social participation and social interaction,which both play a certain role in the selection preference of ecological migration livelihood strategies.Compared with the pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,the higher the social participation is,the higher the probability that the ecological immigrants in the Sanjiangyuan area choose the part-time livelihood strategy is.Compared with the pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,the higher the social interaction,the higher the ecological migration,the higher the probability of choosing the non-farming and pastoral livelihood strategy.The cultural integration includes three sub-variables: language culture,value concept and humanistic concept,which all play a certain role in the selection preference of ecological migration's livelihood strategy.Compared with the pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,the greater the language difference,the greater the probability that the ecological immigrants in Sanjiangyuan area choose the pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy.Compared with the pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,the more similar the values are,the greater the probability that ecological immigrants choose part-time livelihood strategy and non-farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,and this positive relationship has a greater impact on immigrants' choice of part-time livelihood strategy.Compared with the pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,the closer the immigrants are to the local residents' humanistic concepts,the more likely they are to choose the part-time livelihood strategy.The three sub-variables of psychological integration,including identity,psychological distance andsatisfaction,all play different roles in the selection preference of ecological migration livelihood strategies.Compared with the pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,if the immigration status is recognized by the local residents,the probability of ecological migration in the Sanjiangyuan area to choose the part-time and non-farming and pastoral livelihood strategy is greater.Compared with the pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,the closer the psychological distance of immigrants to the local residents,the higher the probability of their choice of part-time livelihood strategy and non-farming and pastoral livelihood strategy.For the pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategies,the higher the life satisfaction of the ecological immigrants in the Sanjiangyuan area after relocation,the higher the probability of choosing part-time livelihood strategies and non-farming and pastoral livelihood strategies,and this positive relationship has a greater impact on the immigrants' choice of non-farming and pastoral livelihood strategies.(4)The impacts of ecological migration into towns on different types of livelihood strategies are different.First of all,there are differences in the influence of ecological migration into towns on the choice of pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategies.Economic integration has a more significant effect on the choice behavior of pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy,among which employment status and income status have a more significant effect on the choice behavior of pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy.The social interaction variables in social integration are especially significant for the choice of pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategies.Cultural integration and psychological integration have no significant effect on the behavior of pure farming and pastoral livelihood strategy selection.Control variable impact on pure farming livelihood strategy choice is most significant natural capital and material capital,human capital,the second is,moreover,immigrants choose pure farming livelihood strategy behavior is not only related to gender,also associated with age,pure farming livelihood is more suitable for men,and the older,the more is not easy to master new technology,the more inclined to continue the previous pure farming livelihoods.Secondly,there are differences in the influences of ecological migration into towns on the choice of part-time livelihood strategies.To make an in-depth analysis,this paper divides the choice behavior of two-occupation livelihood strategy into two stages: the decision-making of two-occupation behavior and the degree of two-occupation behavior,and finds that the total index of town integration has a significant positive influence on the decision-making and degree of two-occupation behavior of ecological immigrants.At the same time,it further analyzes the mechanism of urban integration heterogeneity on the part-time livelihood behavior of ecological immigrants,anddiscusses the effects of economic integration,social integration,cultural integration and psychological integration on the part-time livelihood behavior of ecological immigrants.Economic integration,social integration,cultural integration and psychological integration all have different effects on the decision making and the degree of part-time employment of ecological immigrants.Economic integration,social integration,cultural integration and psychological integration have a significant positive impact on the decision making of ecological immigrants participating in the part-time livelihood behavior,while psychological integration has a significant impact on the degree of part-time employment of ecological immigrants.Finally,there are differences in the influence of ecological migration into towns on the choice of non-farm and pastoral livelihood strategies.The variables of labor security in economic integration have a significant effect on the choice of non-farm and pastoral livelihood strategies.Social involvement in the middle of society is particularly significant for the choice of non-agricultural and pastoral livelihood strategies.In the process of cultural integration,both the value concept and the humanistic concept have a significant influence on the behavior of non-agricultural and pastoral livelihood strategy selection.Psychological distance and immigrant satisfaction in the middle of psychological integration have significant effects on the choice behavior of non-farm and pastoral livelihood strategies.Among the control variables,the human capital and social capital of ecological immigrants have the most significant influence on the choice of non-agricultural and pastoral livelihood strategies.In addition,the behavior of immigrants to choose non-agricultural and pastoral livelihood strategies is related to their age.(5)After the relocation,the majority of the immigrants decided to integrate into cities and towns,that is,87.81% of the immigrants had a high intention to integrate,but 33.93% of the immigrants still had not achieved a high degree of integration into urban life at the time of the survey,and the integration of immigrants into urban life with high efficiency needs to be further improved.The main reason is that most of the ecological migrants were nomads before they were relocated.Although they have a strong will to integrate into the town,they are restricted by factors such as language,living habits and ideas,which are different from the migrant workers.Therefore,it is necessary to further strengthen the integration of urban life.The town of immigrants into the decision exist significant differences in individual differences and geographic location,among them,the high degree of culture,to master some skills,or willing to participate in various activities of male immigrants are more likely to be decided into towns,age and immigration of inverted u-shaped relationship in the town into the decision,than Yu Yushu,haixi prefecture,prefecture,guoluo immigrants are more likelyto tend to be decided into urban life.This is directly related to the building of circular industry cluster in haixi.In addition,huangnan and guoluo are closer to the provincial capital xining than yushu,and their willingness to integrate into urban life is higher,which is in line with the actual research situation.Family degree of heterogeneity of immigration town into factors that influence the largest geographical location factor times,among them,the family of the difficulty of borrowing,the number of relatives and friends has a positive significant effect on immigrants town into the degree,and the number of farming and animal husbandry machinery and the total number of labor force has a negative significant influence on immigration town into the degree,at the same time relatively Yu Yushu,prefecture and degree of immigrants into Hai Na Zhou slightly lower.The possible reason is that huangnan and guoluo are more dependent on agriculture and animal husbandry,which restricts the integration of immigrants into urban life.The high degree of urban integration of immigrants has a significant effect on the increase of their family income.Due to the selective bias caused by unobservable variables,the analysis of endogenous transformation model shows that high integration degree contributes to the increase of immigrant family income by25.14%.(6)On the basis of the above analysis,it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the integration of immigrant towns by focusing on the differences of ecological immigrant groups;Cultivating industries with distinctive advantages and promoting the diversification of immigrants' livelihood;Allocate and optimize all kinds of capital endowment,encourage ecological immigrants to choose their own livelihood strategy preference;Strengthen the ability to transform all kinds of capital and promote the choice of livelihood strategies of ecological migration;Strengthen the sense of ownership,through differential policy making to improve the effect of livelihood strategy selection. |
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