The Research On Discipline System Of Modern Chinese Universities

After the Sino-Japanese War,Chinese started to switch to learn from Japan,the educational term"discipline" was introduced to China.Since then,members of the Chinese education field have explained the term "discipline" in many ways,and applyed it to the new school,and carried out early practice on the discipline system.After the founding of the Republic of China,"discipline" has gradually attracted the attention of Chinese people,however,under the historical background of warlord scuffle,Beiyang Government had no time to take care of education,as a result,most of the colleges and universities,take the discipline practice in their own way.With the establishment of the"Three People’s Principles" educational purpose in the new founding Nanjing National Government,the authorities Nationalist Party began to establish discipline system in school education,but only limited to primary and secondary schools,not involving institutions of higher learning.Therefore,practices of discipline system in colleges and universities,still followed the pattern of the Beiyang period.After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War,National Government begins to build discipline system in colleges and universities in order to control the thoughts and deeds of students in wartime.Afterwards,whether it’s a national college,private college,or a church college,according to a series of discipline regulations formulated by the Ministry of Education,they should all implemented the discipline system from the following three aspects:the implementation of tutorial system,the establishment of the Disciplinary office,and the establishment of branch office of Three People’s Principles Youth League.But,as the actual situation varies among colleges and universities,they practiced differently in the process of actually implementing the "discipline system".Focusing on the "discipline system" of modern Chinese universities,basing on the collecting of original materials such as archives,newspapers and periodicals in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China,and basing on the evolution of "discipline" from a concept to an education system,starting from three aspects:ideological level,practical level and institutional level,in other words,chapters of the paper will be built according to the theoretical exploration of the discipline system,the exploration of practice,and the ascent to the establishment of the discipline system.Since the term"discipline" was introduced into China,the Chinese have had fierce disputes over its connotation and extension from the ideological level.The Chinese have formed their own discipline theory system on the basis of introducing western discipline theory and combining Chinese domestic conditions.While conducting a theoretical discussion on the discipline system,the Chinese also conducted practical explorations on the discipline system at the practical level.The establishment of the "supervisory officer" at the end of the Qing Dynasty,the emergence of the "posting dormitory system" and the establishment of a discipline course based on the study of Confucianism are all preliminary practices related to the discipline system.In the early period of the Republic of China,colleges and universities still followed the discipline paradigm of the late Qing Dynasty in terms of discipline practice,and did not change until the May 4th Movement.In the early stage of Nanjing National Government,the discipline organizations of various colleges and universities were confusing because there was no guidance for discipline policies.Some colleges and universities began to try out the "tutorial system"and set up Party Right Courses under the guidance of the educational principles of the Three People’s Principles.After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War,the National Government began to build a discipline system in colleges and universities based on the theoretical guidance and practical exploration experience of the discipline system,to control the political thinking of college students in wartime and prevent students from factors that do not belong to the Three People’s Principles,the National Government not only stipulated a unified discipline policy and discipline standards in the school system,but also established a specialized discipline organization in the management system.After the establishment of the discipline system,the National Government incorporated the "’tutorial system" into the education and teaching system,added "the Disciplinary office" to the administrative management system and implanted the Three People’s Youth League into the organizational mechanism in order to fully implement the discipline system in various colleges and universities.In the context of the national war,the implementation of the above-mentioned three major measures,in a sense,played their respective "primary functions",and made certain contributions to the rescue of the country.However,with the intervention of the Kuomintang forces,the primary functions of the three major measures have deteriorated,and the phenomenon of "partyization" and "politicization" has become increasingly serious.It was found that the main reason is that any management measures under the "one-party dictatorship" can only be used as tools to safeguard the fundamental interests of the Kuomintang.