The Study Of China's Poverty Reduction Experience Of Rural Population

Since the beginning of the reform and opening up policy,the achievement of China's rural poverty reduction has undoubtedly been unprecedented,which is called“large-scale poverty reduction in the fastest speed in human history so far” by the World Bank.This is a “China miracle” in the history of human poverty reduction,and it should also contribute China's experience to the global poverty reduction project.However,up to now,the academic research on the great poverty reduction experience has been still extremely lacking.What has happened to China's poverty reduction miracle? What is the general experience? It has become a historical question of global poverty reduction.From the perspective of property rights deregulation,this paper tries to construct a logically consistent property right framework to explain the experience of poverty reduction in China's rural areas,drawing lessons from the related research results of institutional economics and property right economics.Firstly,this paper constructs the general theoretical framework of “resource-property right-poverty” based on the theory of property rights;Secondly,from the perspective of institutional changes,regulation and deregulation of resource property rights,this paper conducts in-depth analysis and quantitative demonstration on China's large-scale rural poverty reduction experience before and after the reform and open;Thirdly,through the comparison of China and India rural resource property right system,this paper studies the poverty reduction effect of different resource property rights system,and refines China's advantage;Lastly,this paper summarizes the general theoretical experience of poverty reduction,and offers the suggestions and countermeasures of further reducing rural poverty in China from the perspective of resource property rights and targeted poverty alleviation.The basic conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)Resources are the source of people's income,and this source does not depend on the physical possession,but depends on the rights attached to the resources,which determine the value of this resource.The individual falls into absolute poverty is due to the fact that the values of resource rights he owns are inadequate which lead to insufficient income,while the lack of resource right values is due to the unequal distribution and regulation of property rights.On the one hand,the individuals who are assigned less and worse resources(including too little or poor quality of land and other material resources,as well as lack of human resources,such as knowledge,technology,health,etc.)will own lower right values,and obtain lower income from resources.On the other hand,more importantly,implementing regulation of property rights over some of the most important resources for the survival of people,will easily lead to widespread poverty and cause a vicious spiral of poverty: “regulation of property rights-supply decrease-income decrease-demand decrease-supply decrease again-income decrease again”.(2)The sources of income for farmers are mainly land resources and human resources,and the “poverty reduction miracle” in China's rural areas is mainly due to a series of institutional reforms under the leadership of the Communist Party of China since the reform and opening up,which has deregulated property rights formed by the two resources and the subsequent incentive and diffusion effects.In terms of land resource,the household contract responsibility system and the establishment of agricultural products purchase and sale system from the stage of history,made the land property rights from serious regulation to significant deregulation,which not only increased the farmers' resource rights,and provided internal incentive for its active use of land,but also the consumer demand brought by agricultural income increase promoted the township business booming,which provided business opportunities and employment opportunities for more farmers;In terms of human resources,gradually abolishing the division system between urban and rural areas and deregulating the private economy,made farmers regained the important content of human resources property right,including the freedom of migration and choosing a job,the right to business,the non agricultural income right,and so on.Large scale rural population therefore got into urban employment,and appeared a large number of farmers entrepreneurs and migrant workers led the “tide”,which brought aboutrapid population urbanization and the rapid development of the real estate industry,retail industry and a series of related industries,creating employment for more farmers.On this basis,China's reform of rural system formed a virtuous cycle of poverty reduction:“property rights deregulation-internalized motivation-supply increase-income increase-demand increase-supply increase again-income increase again”.(3)There are significant differences between China and India in the rural land and human resources property rights system.India is a country with democracy and private ownership,but in fact corruption and regulation are the two significant features of India's property rights system.The property rights of rural resources had been facing serious regulation in India,while the land reform law and complex land approval system created a large number of landless farmers and a lot of restrictions on the original land property rights,and serious discrimination against women,stringent labor laws,ubiquitous administrative control restricted the full use of human resources.On the contrary,although China is a state-owned and collectively owned system,the main resource property right has been clearly defined and has been protected to the maximum extent.Because the real market economy is not based on private ownership as the premise,but on the strict definition and protection of property rights,these differences make China play the basic role of the market in the allocation of resources better than India,which let all kinds of rural resources bring the biggest effect to poverty reduction.It is worth noting that the government of India has been aware of the problems and began to vigorously reform the harsh and complex labor laws,eliminate the cumbersome commercial laws and regulations,and oppose discrimination against women in recent years,which in fact has led to the deregulation of human resources property rights and a good effect on poverty reduction.(4)The key to targeted poverty alleviation lies in the realization of targeted resource rights.On the one hand,the farmers' income come from resources,so the key to targeted identification of poverty is identifying precisely main resources individual farmers own and the right value(market price)of these resources,thereby obtaining objective income of individual farmers;On the other hand,the key to precisely helping the poor out of poverty is to increase the resource right value of the poor which will raise their income,While Improving resource rights allocation and deregulating resource property rights are two important ways.Currently,China's targeted alleviationshould mainly take the following measures such as deregulating property rights of human resources,improving right value of farmland and adjusting the resource rights redistribution system.