| The karst landform takes 13% of the land area of China,and rocky desertification is the most serious and typical eco-environmental problems in karst regions,which badly threatens the sustainable social and economic development in those regions.On the Sixth Plenary Session of the 19 th CPC Central Committee,it's requested to scientifically promote comprehensive management of rocky desertification.The Rural Revitalization Strategy encourages farmers' cooperatives to mobilize people engaging in agricultural production.Therefore,for sustainable economic growth in the rocky desertification areas,it's important to use farmers' cooperatives as a carrier to drive ecological industry development.By translating the results of rocky desertification management into benefits for the people and promoting social and economic development in the rocky desertification areas,it's of great significance for Rural Revitalization.In light of the theories of human-nature harmony,multi-stakeholder and social relations,this study focused on the scientific problems and technological needs in rocky desertification management by farmers' cooperatives to promote ecological industry development.In the mountainous area of Guizhou Plateau,which represents the general structure of karst rocky desertification ecological environment in South China,Three research areas,Salaxi Town of Bijie City,Guanling-Zhenfeng Huajiang Village,Shibing County were selected.From2018 to 2022,a statistical survey was conducted on a total of 143 farmer cooperatives and their industrial development involved in the three research areas,and 9cooperatives were further selected for systematic investigation and interview.In light of the theories of actor-network,triple bottom line and resource endowment,through actor network analysis,binary Probit regression analysis,analytical hierarchy process and Arc GIS raster calculation,a systematic study of full-chain design,integrated deployment and modular promotion centered around the mechanism of action,influence factors,motivation mechanism,mode construction,application demonstration and appropriateness promotion of farmers' cooperatives driving ecological industry development in rocky desertification management.The process and mechanism of farmers' cooperatives driving ecological industry development were elaborated,and the influencing factors and effect enhancement mechanism of farmers' cooperatives promoting ecological industry development were demonstrated.Finally,the author proposed the model of farmers' cooperatives driving ecological industry in rocky desertification management and suggested conducting application demonstration and verification promotion,expecting to provide a scientific reference for maximizing the role of farmers' cooperatives in driving ecological industry development in rocky desertification management in China.(1)It is clarified that ecological industry development driven by farmers' cooperatives is the inevitable result of the combined action of multiple forces.The heterogeneous network formed by human and non-human actors is the basis for its formation.The benefit production capacity is a major dynamo for all actors in farmers' cooperatives to promote ecological industry development.The result of ecological industry development driven by farmers' cooperatives is formed by the synergy of human actors such as township governments,village committees,major planters,farmer households,foreign investors and companies,and non-human actors such as karst rocky desertification,industries,technologies,and market.The economic benefit is the core driving force for industrial development,and the benefit production capacity is what motivates all actors in farmers' cooperatives to promote ecological industry development.Non-human actors such as rocky desertification environment,industries and technologies even promote or restrict industrial development.The ecological industry driving mode of large planter-driven cooperatives is based on the farmers' needs to push the governments level by level to take action,which is a bottom-up process with strong endogenous power,and is an important reference model to realize the revitalization of rural special ecological industries.(2)The mechanism of enhancing the effect of farmers' cooperatives driving eco-industry development in rocky desertification control is revealed.Different types of cooperatives have their own strengths and weaknesses,which have different impacts on the development of ecological industries.The comprehensive performance of enterprise-led cooperatives is 0.4719,which is the highest.However,this type of cooperatives are characterized by high barriers and difficulties in formation;The comprehensive performance of the competent person-led cooperatives is 0.3171.This type of cooperatives are characterized by its flexibility and strong endogenous development motivation,but the scale is relatively small;The comprehensive performance of village-driven cooperatives is relatively low at 0.2098,but the social benefit is the highest.These cooperatives are more likely to receive national policy and financial support,and have significant effects in solving employment and nearby work;Ecological performance is directly related to the type and scale of industries operated by cooperatives.Local characteristic advantageous industries,financial guarantee,and professional and technical personnel guarantee all had significant positive effects on improving the probability of farmers' cooperatives achieving eco-industry development,with degrees of influence of 90.3%,140.5%,and 114.0%,respectively.On the premise of rocky desertification prevention and control,farmers' cooperatives are assembled based on local resource endowment,making full use of external environmental advantages such as policies,expanding financing channels,and guaranteeing capital supply for construction and operation of cooperatives;Selecting the appropriate type of cooperative organization based on the local environment and human capital conditions,and giving full play to the advantages of the leading entity;Choosing the local characteristic and advantageous eco-industry,according to the karst rocky desertification environment,with rocky desertification treatment effect to carry out business;Hiring professional technicians to enable technical support for eco-industry development.The above measures can revitalize internal and external resources and give full play to the role of key influencing factors,so as to realize the improvement of the eco-industry development effect driven by farmers' cooperatives in rocky desertification management.(3)The following management models are built in this paper:(i)the compound management model of karst rocky desertification control and cooperatives driven by agriculture,forestry and grassland husbandry(in short: “the Bijie model”),(ii)the scale management model of comprehensive treatment for rocky desertification in karst plateau and gorge and characteristic high-efficiency forestry cooperatives(in short: “the Guanling-Zhenfeng model”),(iii)the balanced management model of comprehensive treatment for rocky desertification in karst trough valleys and the world heritage tourism cooperatives,and the corresponding technology integration(in short: “the Shibing model”): based on the ecological environment in different karst rocky desertification areas,the development of ecological industries in different places,and the status of existing cooperatives,the characteristics,advantages and disadvantages of the industrial development in each demonstration area are taken as major considerations.In the meantime,9 sub-models of farmers' cooperatives driving the development of ecological industry in the context of rocky desertification control are summarized,as well as the corresponding supporting technology systems.The farmers' cooperatives-driven ecological industry development helps increase the income of local people,effectively transform the ecological achievements in rocky desertification control into economic benefits,alleviate the conflicts between man and land,and deepen the research on the mode and technology for the coordinated development of karst rocky desertification control and the ecological industry.(4)Based on the demonstration application of the farmers' cooperatives-driven ecological industry development model in rocky desertification management and the evaluation of its benefits,it is concluded that the models can well adapt to the karst areas of southern China and therefore be generalized there.The comprehensive benefit evaluation scores of the three demonstration areas are 0.2813,0.3956 and0.4135 respectively,all with relatively significant ecological,economic and social benefits.This indicates that all three models can effectively drive the development of local characteristic ecological industries.The demonstration application helps optimize the models and the corresponding technology systems,and quantitatively analyze the applicability of the three models in the karst areas of southern China.The results showed that the Bijie model,the Guanling-Zhenfeng model,and the Shibing model accounted for 6.72%,6.93%,and 10.30% of the suitable extension area in the karst region of southern China,respectively.In model promotion and application,it is essential to strengthen the suitability analysis of model boundary conditions,to select the model according to local conditions,and further strengthen the integration and innovation of the model and technology. |
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