Li And Chihli Westernization Education Exposition

As a leader of westernizationists, Li Hongzhang act as Zhili governor many than twenty years, mainly before the terminate of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. Under his leadership, How situation develop with westernization education in the area this time? How effects at that time and later are? Directed at this make an fairly overall and systematic investigation, it is the gist of the article.This article is founded of four parts(namely, the arrangement of section): Firstly, before and after Li Hongzhang hold a post in Zhili, Zhili westernization education situation was developed from weak to be better. First I relate the relatively backward situation of the Zhili westernization education before 1870,then reveal the situation that the fast develop about Zhili westernization education after Li Hongzhang have been Zhili governor. Mainly expression are, add telegram-mine school in Tianjin engineering office, established a batch of westernization school, for instance, Tianjin telegram school, Tianjin navy school, Tianjin defence school and Tianjin medical officer school;deputed sergeants and students to study in European countries;translated and disseminated Western books;trained Chinese apprentices ,craftsmen in westernization industry. These activities enabled Zhili westernization education to achieve important breakthrough, made Zhili gained an advantage over the others.Secondly, Li Hongzhang's westernization educational policy. Under the guiding principles of "Absorbing Western learning on the basis of the Chinese traditional system", he attached much weight to the Western learning. On one hand ,Li Hongzhang asked for some appropriate adaptations to imperial examination system, strived for relatively loose and comfortable environment of system for Zhili westernization education;on the other he assign his trusted followers to carry out westernization education affairs. Under these circumstances that assured relatively sufficient educational appropriations, with the gist that cultivate much-needed westernization affairs talents, Li Hongzhang and trusted followers cultivated a batch of westernization affairs talents who have a wide knowledge of western learning, especially military talents.." Thirdly, the practical measures for Zhili westernization education were carried out by Li Hongzhang and the education official who under his conduct. In order to propel Zhili westernization education forward, Li Hongzhang and the others took a batch of practical measures, with munificent conditions, solicited students to enter school;organized a tremendous strength group of teachers;the principle of courses offered is "Western learning while making Chinese learning subsidiary";took public opinion seriously integration of theory with practice in the process of teaching;and make an attempt on the new educational regulatory regime and manage mode. These measures made Zhili westernization education activities develop relatively fast.Fourth, the positive effect and deficiency about Zhili westernization education. The mainly expression of the positive effect are, promoted to destroy the old school system and establish the new;produced a group of talents in Zhili;imported of Western advanced science and technology;propelled the Zhili modern industrialized;speeded up military modernized;and entirety intensified the modernized tendency of Zhili education. The mainly expression of the deficiencies, action dynamics and scope of the new factors are limited, obviously followed the old factors.The mainly new ideas of this article are followed: Firstly, relatively systematic and total relate the westernization education affairs in Zhili carried out by Li Hongzhang and followers;Secondly, expound the practical measures of westernization education affairs carried out by Li Hongzhang and the others;Tirdly, examine and comment the effects of Zhili westernization education from the angle of social development. There are rich in supplement and surpass the past achievement in these aspects.