| This article is about the public participation in universities. While studied in France, the author was aware of university administrative management and reviewing China's problems of college management.Public participation amounts a relative higher level in French universities in which the representatives of faculties, students as well as societal institutions (e.g. industrial, business, political or cultural circles) could play their roles in university management commission—the supreme authorities of universities. With this representative system, such floor of representatives' enables comparative balance for university powers thus constitutes an effective restriction over administrative power of universities. In addition, representatives of faculties represent the interest of academic power, thus made a counterbalance to administrative power which means to run by professors who could carry out academic freedom. In the same time, students' representatives realized their own interests which could deliver opinions, suggestions during participation, to some extent, play a key role decisively or correctively. In other words, they have abandoned the traditional role of study user or consume etc. of inactive participants. Other representatives from societal groups emblemized their own expectations for universities and played prominent function in raising funds and graduate's employment.In our system, due to power imbalance, the operation of administrative power disorderly, academic power weakened and fragile student's rights infringed, we should seek a solution to control administrative power operation, coordinate power equipments. In addition, we faced plenty of problems such as college students recruitment enlargement, graduates unemployment etc. while increasingly requests for further academic freedom, protecting student's legitimate rights with many similar historical backgrounds of French developed university public participation program. Part one, the author with comparative aspect analyzes the similarities and differences of power structures between several countries and China while expounds necessary of transplanting public participation program in the aspect of higher education power structures.Firstly, the author assorts conception and features of public participation. For public participation, it is a leading mode for public involved pubic affairs which includes discussion, dialogue, election, application, claims and associations constitute a mainstream for pursuing pubic interests and carrying out balanced satisfaction of different groups' interests. Extensively, public participation means public involved in democratic decision, orderly execution and effective supervision for public policies or other matters. Narrowly, public participation of higher education management refers to, other than administrative power, faculty and teachers' organization or academic organization, students and their interest groups as well as personnel out of campus, societal powers take parts multi-aspect, multi-level in university managements. Therefore, she analyzes administrative power and weakened academic power in their gaming with teachers and students rights protection or relieves as well as societal powers involvement in university affaires. In general, the author believes that implementing public participation program would be a exploring new road in China's real situation.Part two, with the aspect of historical development, the author researches French experiences as a pioneer of public participation in university administrative managements.Firstly, she briefs backgrounds of French education administrative system, conceptions of public legal person and public power division, education inspection as well as centralization and autonomy tradition of university.In the 1960's, the management system of French university was awkward between the higher education management system of highly centralization and the requirement for the university to manage independently with democratic management by democratization, internationalization of higher education. Because the professor appeals for academic freedom and the power for manages the school, students requests more power for participate in university's management day by day, and more and more exterior strengths get involved in universities, the communal participation and the public participation of university's management was placed on the agenda of history.The outburst of the Student Strike in May 1968 finally urged the De Gaulle government to carry on the reform. Than Edgar. Faure has become the Minister of Ministry of Education. And the famous "Higher education Instruction Law" had been promulgated, it has established the three principles" autonomy, the democracy participation and multi-disciplinary" for university. In 1984, the French parliament passed the new "Higher Educational Law", it further encouraged the university to implement autonomously. From then on, French university won more power in autonomy. In the reform, in order to balance the power it has experienced several twists and turns. For example: the contradiction question of Students-teacher's power, the dropping enthusiasm of students' participation, exterior strength involvement question and so on. Finally the three commission system has been established, it has confirmed the seat of the teacher, student, staff member and exterior strength, and has balanced the various power. Having obtained new development in student representative's system, the independence of the university has been improved.Part three, the author has proposed some ideas to the realistic feasibility of transplanting the public participation in Chinese university administrative management.First of all, the author has expounded the Legal status of the Chinese universities. The Chinese university is a public institution. On one hand it is engaged in some public services, fulfils common power, take on the administrative subject, on the other hand it not have clear public legal status. The legal relation among the teacher, student and university is fuzzy. The Administrative law relief and the internal legal relationship are awkward. The author believed that implement the public participation system in Chinese is not basically influenced by legal status question of Chinese university. This is another route that is worth exploring for restricts the universities administrative power; maintain the legitimate rights and interests of teachers and students.Secondly, the author has described the conception of the public participation in Chinese university. She thought that the three commission system in French universities' public participation has the model significance to our country. Our country could establish the university management commission, the representative of Professor, student and various society forces take certain share among them. Through the democracy participation and the democratic decision-making we can realize the mark to restrict the university's administrative power, supervise the proper enforcement of the administrative power, and reach the balanced Distribution of the Power in university.This article merely is work start in Chinese universities' public participation. It cannot say that has already drawn a very valuable conclusion. The author only expects that through this exploration we could find a route to take precautions against the disorderly operation of administrative power, restrict power with power and so on. |
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