| "Natural selection, survival of the fittest" is the survival rules of nature and human society. All living creatures are facing competition for survival. Liang Qichao once shouted "The country will be strong as long as the youths are strong" Chairman Mao said that young people are like the sun in the early morning, and modern people are likely to compare the children to the budding flowers of the nation. Young people are a country’s talent pool. Having a competitive and well-developed education is an important foundation for a country.Therefore, we must focus on the education in order to seize the opportunity.China’s leaders attach great importance to the education of young people. For instance, Comrade Xiaoping personally inscribed that the education must face the modern society, the world, and the future. Similarly, we can also see such slogans that aim at appealing people to focus on the education.The time has never stopped making progress; the fruits of national development can not be separated from education. With China’s economic development to a certain stage, the country has begun to pay more attention to improving the quality of the education. Compulsory education as a basic national education is vital to the development of education. In recent years, the state has also increased financial support for compulsory education. The newly amended Education Act in2006provides that the primary and secondary schools of rural areas exempt from tuition fees. And then puts forward the development strategy of "equalization of basic public services, which involves policies on compulsory education equalization.Our country has made certain effects in the development of compulsory education, which is based on constant efforts. As of2005, the coverage of the areas where national popularity of the nine-year compulsory education was more than95%, primary school enrollment rate reached99.15%, the junior middle school gross enrollment rate reached95%. However, due to China’s large land area, typical "dual economy" model of economic development, and the financial system of compulsory education is Local governments being responsible with hierarchical management, Education financial investment system is county classification burden, the development of education in many areas, especially remote rural mountainous area in the western region, is quite backward, and some schools are even not qualified to run a school. Therefore, in the context of new economic policy, it is necessary to discuss the equalization of compulsory education. This thesis is focus on the equalization of supply for urban and rural compulsory education.Chongqing is located in the western underdeveloped area, with typical pattern of large cities with large rural areas. Hence, the development of urban and rural compulsory education is quite representative. While the number of domestic scholars who study the urban and rural compulsory education equalization is relatively small, and Chongqing is classified as "urban and rural comprehensive reform experimental zone" in2008. In this situation, the equalization of Chongqing urban and rural compulsory education has important practical significance.This paper is closely around the main line of how to achieve the equalization of Chongqing urban and rural compulsory education. And the main methods are normative analysis, literature analysis, comparative analysis and empirical analysis. Firstly, sort out the theoretical concepts involved in compulsory education. Secondly, mainly use the comparative analysis to analyze the present status of urban and rural compulsory education equalization in Chongqing, and on this basis use empirical analysis to measure the degree of non-equalization in Chongqing compulsory education. Thirdly, profoundly analyze the problems and reasons of urban and rural compulsory education in Chongqing; Finally, a brief introduction about the compulsory education system of representative foreign countries, and then put forward their own views on how to build the equalization of compulsory education supply system. On account of the purpose and significance, this article mainly research and analyze from the following aspects.The first chapter is about the theoretical analysis of the equalization of supply in urban and rural compulsory education. It demonstrates a general analysis of the compulsory education in urban and rural. Firstly, it explains the criterion of classifying the major urban and rural in the world and defines urban and rural. Then it also defines the equalization and accurately analyzes the connotation of compulsory education by the foreign and domestic history of the compulsory education. After getting a clear concept of equalization and compulsory education, we can accurately define what the equalization of the compulsory education in urban and rural is. What is more, the article has a basis theoretical analysis of compulsory education provided by the Government, systematically lists the theories of public goods and focus on property of the compulsory education in public goods. Finally, it briefly reviews the theory of balancing urban and rural development.The second chapter is about the present status of the Urban and Rural Compulsory Education in Chongqing. Before the analysis, there is an overall grasp of the whole country’s urban and rural compulsory education development. Since the reform and opening up, the process of urbanization accelerates and the centralization of the city’s facilities and resources, making the imbalance of urban and rural development is becoming increasingly obvious, which leads to a widening gap between development of urban and rural economy, and a big difference between the development of culture, education, infrastructure in urban and rural areas. Followed by the brief description of the effects on urban and rural compulsory education development achieved in recent years, fully affirmed the efforts made by the Chongqing to promote the equalization of urban and rural compulsory education. Lastly, mainly use a comparative analysis to reach a conclusion that urban and rural compulsory education in Chongqing has problems such as imbalance of education fund, uneven distribution of students, non-equalization of school conditions, and apparent contrast of teachers.The third chapter is about the empirical analysis. Accessing to the data of "China Education Statistics Yearbook and the China Education Finance Statistics Yearbook", collating and calculating related data, the author measures the degree of equalization of urban and rural compulsory education in Chongqing using the Theil index. After related measurement and analysis, the existence of problems of the development of urban and rural compulsory education at the present stage has been approved. The fourth Chapter is about the analysis of the reasons for non-equalization of Chongqing compulsory education. The author concludes that the problems of urban and rural compulsory education for the previous analysis are mainly caused by the following reasons:Firstly, the inherent economic difference of urban and rural areas in Chongqing; Secondly, the defects of education financial system; Thirdly, improper allocation of educational resources in urban and rural areas, which includes unreasonable resource allocation goal setting, misallocation of teachers, and lack of supervision and feedback of resource allocation; Fourthly, the drawbacks of our existing education fiscal transfer payment system; Fifthly, the lack of appropriate legislation to protect the development of compulsory education, as well as the public input and oversight system.The fifth chapter is about building the supply mechanism of the equalization of urban and rural compulsory education. Most of the foreign countries have long histories of compulsory education. Since1870s, Britain, France and the United States had carried out compulsory education, thus formed a well developed compulsory education system. This article first introduces the development status of compulsory education of the United States which implements decentralization, France which implements the centralization, and Japan and South Korea. On the basis of summing up the development of these countries’experience, this paper suggests that we should build the equalization of urban and rural compulsory education supply mechanism in Chongqing from the following aspects. First, we should improve the compulsory education financial investment system, which invest mainly on the high-level government, and let the local government, to manage. Third, teachers’salaries and large-scale infrastructure spending should be funded by the central government and provincial governments in proportion. And make the management of government at all levels clear. Fourth, learning from the practices of the United States, we should establish a local compulsory education payments system which makes financial capacity equalized. And standardize the formula and the allocation standards of special transfer payments, empowering local governments to arrange special transfer payment funds. Fifth, for the problems of the education resource allocation mechanism, we should establish a more rational resource allocation system of compulsory education teachers, and promote mutual exchange and learning between urban and rural teachers, which improves the quality teachers. On the positive basis, we should gradually establish the performance evaluation and feedback mechanism in the voluntary allocation of resources, and take a step forward to promote legal construction process of compulsory education. Sixth, we should promote the construction of the legal system of compulsory education through the form of law, consummate the supervision and management mechanism of compulsory education, and establish a sound financial investment mechanism. Seventh, continue to improve the process of information construction through effectively integrating and utilizing information technology, and establish a network of urban and rural integration on education information sharing system. |
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