| Confucian temple,giving attention to both sacrificial and educational functions.Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu’s suggestion of "ousting hundreds of schools and advocating Confucianism alone",Confucianism has been the orthodox thought in ancient China,and Confucianism has been used as a tool of ideological rule by rulers for a long time in the long-term feudal society.As an important carrier of Confucianism,Confucian temple’s status has been rising with the improvement of Confucius’ status.Shandong Province is the hometown of Confucius and Mencius,the origin of Confucianism,and the birthplace of Qufu Confucius Temple,the first Confucius Temple in the world.Therefore,Shandong Confucian Temple plays an important role in the Confucian Temple Group in the world.Through the study of Confucian temples in Shandong,we can further explore the connotation of Confucianism and better develop Qilu culture.This paper is mainly divided into four chapters to discuss the related Luzhong Confucian Temple in Luzhong area of Shandong Province:The first chapter combs the development track of Confucian temples and the construction process of Confucian temples in central Shandong.This chapter divides the development track of Confucian temple into five stages: the transition from "family temple" to "learning temple",the combination of "temple" and "learning",the sealing of Confucius and the construction of Confucian temple in Song and Yuan Dynasties,the improvement of Confucian temple architecture etiquette in Ming and Qing Dynasties,and the decline of Confucian temple.Through combing the Confucian temples in central Shandong,it is found that the Confucian temples in central Shandong concentrated in the late Ming Dynasty and the middle Qing Dynasty,which is closely related to the development track of Confucianism.The second chapter analyzes the architectural layout and classification of Confucian temples in central Shandong.Confucian temples in central Shandong are built according to Qufu Confucius Temple’s architectural system.In terms of architectural features,they are centered on Dacheng Hall and distributed along the central axis from south to north.At the same time,Confucian temple buildings can be divided into sacrificial buildings,educational buildings,characteristic buildings in central Shandong and other buildings because of their different meanings,and each building has its own special connotation.The third chapter expounds the sacrifice and ritual of Confucian temples in central Shandong.This chapter mainly includes the object of sacrifice,the time of sacrifice,the process of sacrifice and the source of sacrifice expenses.Confucius is the main object of sacrifice in Confucian Temple,and the Four Pairs and Twelve Philosophers are entitled to it.The main sources of sacrifice expenses for Confucian temples in central Shandong are donations from Xuetian and township sages.The fourth chapter explains the attached sacrifice of Confucian temples in central Shandong: the sacrifice of rural sages.The Xiangxian Temple appeared later than the main temple building in central Shandong Province,and the Xiangxian Temple mainly relied on government supplies and Xiangxian donations to maintain its operation.In Ming and Qing Dynasties,there were specific standards for the entry of Confucian sages into the temple.As far as central Shandong is concerned,virtue,loyalty,achievements and filial piety are the four most important standards.The entry of Confucian temple sages into the temple in central Shandong led to the change of local social atmosphere. |
