The Governance Of Scientific Misconduct In American Universities And Its Enlightenment To China

With more and more scientific misconduct cases exposed by the media,scientific misconduct governance has aroused widespread concern in the society.Scientific misconduct violates the spirit of science,undermines the academic order and stifles creativity.It not only wastes precious academic resources,hinders academic innovation,but also goes against the cultivation of national scientific and technological talents.As an important position of scientific research and talent training,colleges and universities are the grass-roots units to deal with scientific misconduct,and also one of the important governance subjects.As one of the early countries to combat scientific misconduct,the United States has accumulated rich governance experience.The study of the governance experience of scientific misconduct in American universities has important guidance and reference significance for the governance of scientific misconduct in Chinese universities and the construction of scientific integrity system.In this paper,the concepts of scientific research misconduct are discussed from the perspectives of "prevention in advance" and "punishment afterwards" by combining with the theory of collaborative governance.Firstly,the collaborative prevention system of scientific misconduct in American universities is studied and sorted out.The United States has established a multilevel and perfect regulatory mechanism such as the government and colleges,and strengthened the prevention and supervision of scientific misconduct in colleges and universities by promulgation of federal regulations,formulation of academic research norms,and strengthening of social science organizations' ethics.In addition,the guidance of multiform credit education in American universities,which is featured by honor system and credit course,plays a positive role in the "prevention" of scientific misconduct in advance.Secondly,this paper summarizes the cooperative punishment system for scientific misconduct in American universities.This paper mainly takes 6 American universities as the representative to conduct a case study.Through the relevant policies and regulations of colleges and universities and the information obtained from their official websites,this paper summarizes the investigation process and investigation characteristics of scientific research misconduct on campus,and conducts a detailed study and three-dimensional analysis based on typical cases.In recent years,China's government and universities have made many efforts to explore the prevention and treatment methods of scientific misconduct,but there are still manyproblems.A stone from another mountain can attack a jade.In order to guide the prevention and treatment of scientific misconduct in Chinese colleges and universities and to serve the practice in Chinese universities,Chinese colleges and universities can properly learn from the experience of the management of scientific misconduct in American colleges and universities.1,To build in colleges and universities as the main body,the multiagent joint regulatory system.Firstly,the main responsibility of colleges and universities is defined and the role of academic supervision institutions in colleges and universities is brought into full play.We should pay more attention to students' individual self-discipline and group self-management,pay more attention to the subject status of students,and regard students as a member of the academic community.2.The system of restraint and punishment for scientific misconduct should be improved.Improving legal safeguards;Perfect the normative restraint mechanism;And pay attention to the judicial connection to ensure its effectiveness;3.We should improve the guidance system of academic integrity education in colleges and universities.To create a healthy academic environment in colleges and universities;Offering courses related to academic norms;And the organization of various forms of good faith publicity practice activities;And pay attention to academic feedback,promote the construction of academic integrity archive system;4.Pay attention to the justice of the investigation and punishment procedures and the protection of rights.Pay attention to the standard and justice of the investigation procedure;Attach importance to the protection of rights in the process of detection;5.Construct a three-dimensional collaborative defense system.While strengthening the governmental administrative supervision and the peer supervision of researchers,we should fully promote the supervision and restraint of the public and give play to the supervision and restraint functions of the Internet,media and academic groups.