Research Of Doctoral Cultivation Mode In Germany And U.S

Doctoral education should take the task of cultivation creative talents. The main reason of the effectiveness in Chinese doctoral cultivation is the problem in our doctoral cultivation mode. In order to innovate Chinese doctoral cultivation mode, we need to learn the advanced experience. Both German doctoral cultivation mode formed in 19th and U.S doctoral cultivation mode formed in the late 19th have setted an example for the world, and formed basing on innovating the traditional doctoral cultivation mode. Therefore, choosing German and U.S doctoral cultivation mode as the study object, and studying their innovation process, innovation, innovation power and dynamic mechanism will guide us effectively.From an economic perspective, doctoral cultivation activities can be regarded as special production activities. The doctoral cultivation mode is divided into three parts, doctoral cultivation force, mode of doctoral cultivation and doctoral cultivation relationship. Doctoral cultivation force includes cultivation object and cultivation resource. Mode of doctoral cultivation covers organization structure, system arrangement and main cultivation technique sections. Mainly, doctoral cultivation relationship is the relationship between doctors and teachers.The three parts are mutually influenced and restricted. The interaction among doctoral cultivation force, mode of doctoral cultivation and doctoral cultivation relationship decides the change and development of doctoral cultivation mode directly. Modern doctoral education experienced two significant transformation. The first is the German doctoral cultivation mode formed in the early 19th century, and the other is the U.S doctoral cultivation mode formed in the late 19th century.In 19th, German doctoral cultivation mode formed by some reseons, such as long term feudal separatist, the influences of Renaissance,the Reformation and New Humanism, the reform in Halle university and Gottingen university. When Prussian failed the Franco-Prussian Warâ… , the Prussian government choosed education as a fundamental method for national revival.Underthe promotion of distinguished scholars, the 19th German doctoral cultivation mode was born. The innovative of German doctoral cultivation mode included the introduction the "scientific"concept to cultivation force,and replacing medieval classical knowledge with "pure science" as basic cultivation means. On cultivation method, it took the seminar(laboratory) as the basic cultivation unit. Although the sminar(laboratory) was not initiated by Germany, it has new value that it has new content as a unity of teaching-research-study in german doctoral cultivation mode. On doctoral cultivation technique, the research was leaded into the cultivation process as a main cultivation technique; the form of single supervisor guidance was main cultivation technique as well.In U.S, doctoral cultivation mode formed in the environment that the cultural concept pursuing freedom and equality and social environment encouraging and respecting innovation. As the development of the second technological revolution, U.S economic had been strenghen, and the need of higher-level creative talents increased rapidly.The inherent competition in U.S higher education system promoted the self-exploratory behavior in various universities. In the competitive environment that Johns Hopkins University was founded in 1876 with the efforts of a large number scholars studying abroad in Germany. It is the main innovative of U.S doctoral cultivation mode that separated the graduated education as independent level from undergraduate education. On the mode of cultivation organization, it originated graduate school which managed the doctoral cultivation, and took department to the cultivation process as the basic unit. On the cultivation technique aspects, it emphasized the importance of curriculum study to achieve the unity of teaching, research and learning. The innovation of U.S doctoral cultivation mode also embodied in leading a new cultivation system, an elimination system. Apart from these typical features, different universities have different characteristics in doctoral cultivation mode.Besides the innovative, there is some common feature in German and U.S doctoral cultivation mode. The advanced doctoral cultivation force is consisted of capable intended learners, excellent teachers and profound knowledge.Appropriate mode of doctoral cultivation is not only concerned the development of doctoral cultivation force and doctoral cultivation relationship, but also considered the special features of doctoral cultivation activities which can be seen as production activities. On cultivation relationship, the relationship between supervisors and doctors is not only academic partner but also personality guidance.The nurturance of these innovative is a process of dynamic development. The momentum generated includes driving force provided by the social environment, the innovation orientation of high education system, and the development of doctoral cultivation force. The dynamic mechanism includes supply-demand mechanism, competition mechanism and endogenous mechanisim.If we want to innovate doctoral cultivation mode, we should creat advanced doctoral cultivation force basically. Then, we should consider the special feature of doctoral cultivation activities which can be seen as production activities in choosing and innovation the mode of doctoral cultivation. In order to achieve the innovation, we must create a suitable external enviroment, such as establishment of competition mechanisms, enhancing the autonomy of universities in doctoral cultivation.